
Availability of cocaine leading to more hospitalisations
There are warnings of the potential for further increases in use and harm after new research showed the number of cocaine seizures grew from 566 in 2003 to more than 4,000 in 2023.
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The Health Research Board lists a range of indicators that point to a worsening problem.
Speaking to Newstalk, Cormac O'Keeffe from the Irish Examiner said prices of cocaine have remained the same.
"Prices have not gone up and that is also in the context that seizures have gone up. So seizures have gone up, but it's more available, at a higher purity," he said.
"It just shows the scale of the problem and the sheer amount of cocaine that's coming across the Atlantic."
Addiction Specialist Dr Garrett McGovern outlined the consequences of drug use.
"It was great that they actually did the statistics for hospital admissions and stuff like that because what we know from a lot of drugs we treat, including alcohol, they're far more likely to end up with a complication of their drug or alcohol use in a hospital than they are coming to us to treat their addiction. That's the sad part of it," he said.
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BBC News
6 hours ago
- BBC News
ADHD drugs have wider life benefits, study suggests
Drug treatment can help people newly diagnosed with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) to reduce their risk of substance misuse, suicidal behaviour, transport accidents and criminality, a study issues are linked to common ADHD symptoms such as acting impulsively and becoming easily 5% of children and 2.5% of adults worldwide are thought to be affected by the disorder - and growing numbers are being findings, published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ), confirm the wider potential benefits of drug treatment and could help patients decide whether to start medication, the researchers say. Having ADHD means the brain works differently to most other people's. Symptoms can include difficulties concentrating and sitting still, having high energy levels and being impulsive. Despite the surge in people asking for help, the disorder is not becoming more common. Last year a BBC investigation found long waits for assessment in the are only diagnosed if the symptoms cause at least a moderate impact on their lives. The most commonly prescribed drugs, called stimulants, help manage everyday symptoms but there has been limited evidence of longer-term benefits for people's behaviour, while well-publicised side-effects, such as headaches, loss of appetite and trouble sleeping, have sparked debate on their safety. This BMJ study was based on 148,500 people aged six to 64, with ADHD in Sweden. Some 57% started drug treatment and, of these, methylphenidate (also known as Ritalin), was prescribed, to 88%.The researchers, from Southampton University and the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, found taking ADHD medication was linked to reductions of first-time instances of: suicidal behaviour - 17%substance misuse - 15%transport accidents - 12%criminal behaviour - 13%When recurrent events were analysed, the researchers found ADHD medication was linked to reductions of: 15% for suicide attempts25% for substance misuses4% for accidental injuries16% for transport accidents25% for criminal behaviour "Oftentimes there is no information on what the risks are if you don't treat ADHD," said Prof Samuele Cortese, study author and professor of child and adolescent psychiatry at University of Southampton."Now we have evidence they [drugs] can reduce these risks."This could be explained by medication reducing impulsive behaviour and lack of concentration, which might reduce the risk of accidents while driving and reduce aggressive behaviour which could lead to researchers say the study was designed to be as robust as possible but cannot rule out the possibility the results were affected by factors such as people's genes, lifestyles and the severity of their ADHD. Accessing the right medication for ADHD in many countries is not easy, with some drugs in short supply. In the UK waiting times to see specialists after diagnosis in order to access drugs can be several Stuart Kinner, head of the Justice Health Group at Curtin University in Western Australia, said the research demonstrated "the diffuse benefits of ADHD diagnosis and treatment". "Failure to diagnose and treat ADHD can lead to self-medication with alcohol or other drugs, poor mental health, injury, and incarceration," he said. "Too many people with undiagnosed ADHD end up in the criminal justice system, where their condition may remain undiagnosed and untreated."Ian Maidment, professor in clinical pharmacy at Aston University, said the study "adds to our understanding of the potential benefits of these drugs".However, he said the research did not assess whether patients actually took their medication or the impact of different doses.


The Guardian
6 hours ago
- The Guardian
ADHD medication linked to lower risk of suicidal behaviours, study suggests
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication is linked to significantly lower risk of suicidal behaviours, substance misuse, transport accidents and criminality, according to a study of the wider outcomes of treatment. The research, based on the medical records of nearly 150,000 people in Sweden, suggested that the drugs could have meaningful benefits beyond helping with the core symptoms of ADHD. Although the study was not a randomised trial – and so cannot definitively prove that medication caused improved outcomes – it adds to evidence of the substantial value of treatment. 'We found that ADHD medication was associated with significantly reduced rates of first occurrences of suicidal behaviours, substance misuse, transport accidents and criminality,' said Prof Samuele Cortese, a child and adolescent psychiatrist and researcher at the University of Southampton. 'Our results should inform the debate on the effects and safety of ADHD medications.' After accounting for factors including age, sex, education level, psychiatric diagnoses and medical history, ADHD medication was associated with reduced rates of a first occurrence of four of the five outcomes investigated: a 17% reduction for suicidal behaviour, 15% for substance misuse, 12% for transport accidents and 13% for criminality. It is well established that ADHD, thought to affect about 5% of children and 2.5% of adults worldwide, is linked to higher rates of mental health problems including suicide, substance misuse and accidental injuries. People with ADHD are also disproportionately represented within the criminal justice system. Randomised clinical trials have demonstrated that for many patients, medication can help alleviate hyperactivity, impulsivity and the inattention. But there has been more limited evidence on whether these improvements translate into benefits in everyday life, at a time when the increasing number of people being diagnosed has fuelled a debate about the possibility of 'overdiagnosis'. The number of prescriptions being issued in England for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication has risen by 18% year on year since the pandemic. The latest study, which the researchers say is the largest and most rigorous of its kind, used Swedish national registers from 2007 to 2020 to examine the effects of ADHD drug treatment in 148,581 individuals aged six to 64 years with a new diagnosis of ADHD. The team used a technique called target trial emulation, which aims to apply the design principles of a clinical trial to existing medical records through the use of strict inclusion criteria, follow-up timeframes and the use of statistical techniques to compensate for the fact that people were not randomly assigned to 'treatment' or 'placebo' arms. Dr Zheng Chang, an epidemiologist at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm and senior author of the research, said: 'It's now considered one of the most rigorous methods for analysing observational data. However, since we don't have the real randomisation data it is not bias-proof.' Sign up to First Edition Our morning email breaks down the key stories of the day, telling you what's happening and why it matters after newsletter promotion Of the 148,581 individuals with ADHD (average age 17 years, 41% female), 84,282 (57%) started drug treatment for ADHD, with methylphenidate being the most common. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, those who took medication had a reduced risk of first occurrence of suicidal behaviour, substance misuse, transport accidents and criminality, although there was no significant risk reduction for a first occurrence of accidental injury. Among people with recurrent events, there were statistically significant reductions linked to all five outcomes, the paper in the British Medical Journal reports. 'When clinicians discuss the possible use of medication with families, oftentimes there is not a focus on what are the risks if you don't treat,' said Cortese. 'If left untreated, there will be unfortunately some risk. Now we have evidence that medication can reduce this risk.' Prof Adam Guastella, of the Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School at the University of Sydney, said: 'Such benefits have been shown repeatedly in previous studies, but the large sample size, use of a national registry, and more sophisticated analysis give greater confidence in these results that findings aren't explained by something else other than medication use. 'People should know that if ADHD medications work for them and their child, that there will likely be many other positive impacts on life from treatment. Such effects will not work for everyone and there is still a need to understand why many individuals benefit from ADHD medication and some do not.'


The Guardian
7 hours ago
- The Guardian
‘Social apnoea': sleep disorder could worsen at weekends, research suggests
Letting your hair down at the weekend might be a well-known recipe for a hangover, but researchers say it might also increase the severity of a common sleep disorder. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) involves complete pauses in breathing or partial reductions in airflow that arise because muscles in the back of the throat relax, causing the airways to narrow or close. It is more common in groups such as older people and people who are overweight or obese. Now researchers have found the severity of the condition increases at the weekend. The study cannot prove the cause, but suggests it could be down to lifestyle factors such an increase in drinking and smoking, or changes in the type or patterns of sleep – all of which can increase the risk of the condition. As a result, they have called the phenomenon 'social apnoea'. 'Obviously, people tend to drink more on the weekend. They tend to smoke more on the weekend if they are prone to smoking,' said Prof Danny Eckert, a co-author of the research at Flinders University in Australia, adding that as well as a possible effect from irregular sleep patterns, it might also be that people were less likely to use devices such as continuous positive airway pressure (Cpap) machines to manage the condition at the weekend. The researchers say regardless of the underlying cause, the results matter given the health and safety implications of OSA. It is known to raise the risk of conditions including stroke, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes, and can also affect driving safety as a result of sleepiness, have an impact on relationships, and reduce quality of life. Writing in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Eckert and colleagues report how they analysed de-identified data from 70,052 people – the majority of whom were middle-aged, male, and overweight – who used a commercially available under-mattress sleep sensor that can track heart rate, snoring and sleep apnoea. All participants had four or more sleep recordings a week, at least 28 sleep apnoea measurements a year, and five or more breathing disruptions an hour during sleep, on average, a year. The team found the odds of moderate to severe sleep apnoea, meaning 15 or more breathing interruptions an hour, were 18% higher on Saturdays compared with Wednesdays, and the effect was more pronounced in men and people under the age of 60. They also found weekend catch-up sleep of 45 minutes or more, compared with less than six minutes, and social jetlag – in other words, a clock-shift in sleep patterns – of 60 minutes or more, compared with less than 18 minutes, was associated with 47% and 38% greater odds of having moderate to severe OSA respectively. Dr Sriram Iyer, an NHS respiratory and sleep consultant, who was not involved in the work, said the study highlighted the night-to-night variability in OSA symptoms, and the team's assumptions about the cause of the weekend uptick were 'perfectly reasonable'. Ryan Chin Taw Cheong, a consultant ENT and sleep surgeon at the Cleveland clinic, London, praised the size of the study, saying it was the first of its kind to look at variability in the severity of the condition throughout the week. While he noted that study did not include data on participants' lifestyles, meaning it could not prove the cause of the increased severity of OSA at the weekends, he said factors such as smoking and drinking were known to exacerbate symptoms, and addressing such issues – alongside diet and weight – should be one of the first steps taken to tackle the condition. 'With the best intentions, we can try to treat you medically. But if you're consuming lots of alcohol or smoking heavily, whatever we're doing as medical professionals will be just a drop in the ocean,' Cheong said.