Kevin from Dublin is now in charge of the Vatican
The doors of Pope Francis's apartment were sealed with a single red ribbon and molten wax in a solemn ceremony that took place just hours after his death.
Steeped in tradition, the formalities on Monday night took place in Casa Santa Marta, the Vatican guest house for visiting clerics where the late pope chose to live after eschewing the grandeur of the Apostolic Palace where his predecessors resided.
Overseeing it all was Cardinal Kevin Farrell, who overnight has become the most important figure in the Catholic Church as the temporary head of the 1.4 billion strong congregation.
Cardinal Farrell, who was born in Ireland but has spent much of his life in the US, is the Vatican's camerlengo or chamberlain.
As such, he will now run the administrative and financial affairs of the Holy See until a new pope is elected in the secretive process known as the conclave.
On Monday morning, it was his responsibility to announce the death of Pope Francis to the world.
'At 7.35 this morning, the Bishop of Rome, Francis, returned to the home of the Father,' he said in Italian with a pronounced Irish accent.
'He taught us to live the values of the Gospel with faithfulness, courage and universal love, especially for the poorest and most marginalised.'
Traditionally, the camerlengo would tap a silver hammer on the pope's head while calling out his baptismal name three times. But the hammer was shelved in the last century in favour of more scientific methods.
Doctors announced on Monday night the cause of Pope Francis' death: a stroke, followed by a coma and irreversible cardiocirculatory collapse.
The official certification was signed by Dr Andrea Arcangeli, the head of the Directorate of Health and Hygiene of the Vatican City State.
Cardinal Farrell now takes charge of the Catholic Church in the period that is known as the 'Sede vacante' – literally the empty chair, in which there is no pope sitting on the Seat of St Peter.
The 77-year-old has spent more than 30 years working in the United States, although he was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland.
Cardinal Farrell went on to study at Salamanca University, Spain and the Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas in Rome. He also holds a Masters degree from the University of Notre Dame, Indiana.
He was first ordained in 1978, before going on to serve in his first official religious role as Chaplain of the University of Monterrey in Monterrey, Mexico.
He was then incardinated in the Archdiocese of Washington in 1984, working as an associate pastor in Maryland and Washington DC.
Following his work with catholic charities in the region, the Vatican raised him to the rank of Monsignor in 1995.
Cardinal Farrell was concentrated as the auxiliary bishop of Washington between 2001 and 2007, before being appointed the bishop of Dallas.
While in Washington DC, he worked alongside former Cardinal Theodore McCarrick who was laicised in 2018 following allegations of sexual abuse against a child. The pair worked and lived closely together, with McCarrick having asked the Vatican to appoint Cardinal Farrell as auxiliary bishop and even being described by some as his mentor.
Asked by CNN if he knew about his colleague's alleged behaviour, he denied any knowledge. 'Did I ever know? No. Did I ever suspect? No. Did he ever abuse any seminarian in Washington? No,' he said in 2018.
The Cardinal left the United States in 2016 when Pope Francis called him to Rome as prefect of the Dicastery for the Laity, which he created shortly after being made pontiff.
While leading the dicastery, he appointed two women to senior positions in his department and suggested his successor be a non-cleric.
'My expertise is getting people to do the job, people who are qualified to do the job,' he said. It was his expertise that caught the attention of Francis who made him one of his most trusted collaborators and three years later named him Camerlengo, one of the highest positions in the church.
The name 'camerlengo' featured in the Oscar-nominated film Conclave, starring Ralph Fiennes and Stanley Tucci about the election of a new pontiff. In the movie, the role of chamberlain was filled by the scheming and ambitious Joseph Tremblay, played by John Lithgow, the American actor.
Fiennes played the role of an English cardinal and the Dean of the College of Cardinals, whose job it is to manage the papal election.
In 2018, Cardinal Farrell banned Mary McAleese, the former Irish president, from speaking at a Vatican conference on Women in the Catholic Church. Although Mrs McAleese sought an official response from the Cardinal over her exclusion, she did not get one.
Three years earlier the then Irish president claimed she and her family had not been invited to a World Meeting of Families (WMOF) event in Dublin, which was to be attended by Pope Francis. Mrs McAleese, a critic of the WMOF events described it as 'essentially a Right-wing rally' to motivate people 'against the tide of same sex marriage, rights for gays, abortion rights, contraceptive rights'.
Service to the church seems to be in the blood. His brother, Brian, was also a priest who would go on to become a bishop and spent many years serving the Vatican.
Cardinal Farrell will then take possession of the Apostolic Vatican Palace and, personally or through his delegate, of the Lateran Palace and Castel Gandolfo, and exercise their custody and government.
Assisted by three cardinals, he also ensures the confidentiality of what happens in the Sistine Chapel, where the voting operations take place.
In particular, with the help of two trusted technicians, he protects secrecy, ensuring that no means of filming or audiovisual transmission is introduced by anyone where the election is taking place.
All the cardinal electors must hand over to the camerlengo any writings of any kind that they have in their possession relating to the outcome of each ballot, so that they may be burned with the ballots.
At the end of the election, Cardinal Farrell will draw up a report, which the three cardinal assistants must approve, to declare the outcome.
This report will be handed over to the new pope and then kept in the appropriate archive, enclosed in a sealed envelope, which may not be opened by anyone unless the new pontiff explicitly permits it.
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Helen Stephens smiles for the cameraman after setting a world record in the 100 meter finals at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. (Getty Images) (Bettmann via Getty Images) 'The nude parade' The desire to define who counts as a woman for the purpose of sports dates back to Hitler's Olympics. On the night of Aug. 4, 1936, 18-year-old Helen Stephens of Fulton, Missouri, went to bed the newly crowned fastest woman in the world. The next morning, Stephens awoke to an international firestorm. A Polish newspaper correspondent could not accept that Stephens had defeated famed Polish sprinter Stella Walsh to win Olympic gold in the 100-meter dash. He published a story discrediting Stephens' world record performance by alleging that the tall, muscular American with an unusually deep voice was really a man masquerading as a woman. 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Advertisement In early 1936, American Olympic Committee chairman Avery Brundage wrote to IOC colleagues expressing concern about 'various female (?) athletes in several sports' who seemed to possess 'apparent characteristics of the opposite sex.' 'Perhaps some action has already been taken on this subject,' Brundage added. 'If not, it might be well to insist on a medical examination before participation in the Olympic Games.' The first known gender verification rule in women's sports took effect less than a week after Stephens' gold medal win in Berlin. Track and field's international governing body implemented a policy requiring female athletes to submit to physical examination should any protest be filed regarding their sex. When the Olympics first became a stage for Cold War tensions in the 1950s, familiar concerns about female athletes deemed too man-like suddenly were seen through a geopolitical lens. Rumors flew that the brawniest female athletes from the Soviet Union and other Eastern-bloc nations were taking performance-enhancing drugs or were actually men in disguise. Advertisement Soviet track and field stars Irina and Tamara Press, sisters who combined to claim five Olympic gold medals and set 26 world records, aroused the most suspicion. Western media outlets derisively labeled Irina and Tamara 'the Press brothers.' In 1964, a New York Times reporter wrote that Tamara 'was big enough to play tackle for the Chicago Bears' and that 'they could probably use her, too.' In 1966, international track and field officials responded by enforcing a mandatory sex testing policy often referred to by athletes as 'the nude parade.' Every female participant at that year's Commonwealth Games had to undress on-site before the meet and display themselves to doctors for visual inspection. Irina and Tamara Press hung up their track spikes and retired. Other athletes gritted their teeth and endured the humiliation. In an interview with NPR's 'Tested' podcast last year, Canadian discus thrower Carol Martin described being taken into a large room underneath the stands and having 'to pull my pants down in front of this woman so she could see I had a vagina.' 'I remember thinking, 'What the [expletive] is this?'' Martin told the podcast. 'And I was a nice person. I never said that at the time, but I remember thinking, 'Whoa, this seems a little invasive. This seems a little inappropriate. I mean, can't you see I'm a girl?'' Advertisement Nude parades, unsurprisingly, proved deeply unpopular. Athletes successfully campaigned to abolish the practice after only two years. Algeria's Imane Khelif, right, defeated Italy's Angela Carini in their women's 66 kg preliminary boxing match at the 2024 Summer Olympics. Carini abandoned the fight after just 46 seconds. 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Semenya also led a podium sweep by DSD runners at the 2016 Olympics after the Court of Arbitration for Sport temporarily forced World Athletics to suspend its testosterone regulations. On the eve of the 2016 Olympic final in the women's 800, Yahoo Sports asked American 800-meter runner Ajee' Wilson how she felt about Semenya. Should Semenya be free to compete without being forced to take testosterone suppressants? Or should her basic rights be infringed on to avoid unfairly disadvantaging the other female competitors? 'There's definitely not an easy solution,' Wilson conceded. 'There's a saying that says you shouldn't really come hard at a problem unless you have a solution. I don't have one at this point, so I have to go with the flow of things.' While World Athletics now administers gender tests to all female athletes, from 1999 to 2024, track and field's governing body tested only targets of suspicion. Human Rights Watch condemned that approach in 2020, pointing out that the athletes being ensnared by sex testing were 'overwhelmingly women of color from the Global South.' Advertisement Among those is Annet Negesa, a promising Ugandan middle-distance runner targeted under sex testing regulations and found to have unusually high testosterone levels. Negesa agreed to undergo what she was told was minor surgery in late 2012 in hopes of altering her body and saving her career. When she awoke in a hospital bed, she told Human Rights Watch in 2020 that she had scars on her belly and discharge papers mentioning an orchiectomy — a procedure to remove testicles. The recovery from the surgery was long and painful. Never again did Negesa regain her previous fitness levels. Her manager dropped her and her university yanked away her scholarship. Today Negesa lives in Germany, where she was granted asylum in 1999. The athlete ambassador to Humans of Sport shares her story as often as possible in hopes that it can help others. She has been following Imane Khelif's story from afar. 'I am extremely disappointed to see how another athlete from a different sport is being made to face such a public trial,' Negesa said this week in a statement to Yahoo Sports. 'It is devastating for the athlete. Federations must act responsibly. They have played with our lives for too long.' Both IOC president Thomas Bach (R) and IOC spokesman Mark Adams defended the IOC's decision to allow Imane Khelif to participate in the Paris Olympics, calling tests that showed Khelif has a male karyotype not legitimate. (Fabrice Coffrini/AFP via Getty Images) (FABRICE COFFRINI via Getty Images) IOC has egg on its face Thirty-six hours after World Boxing ruled that Khelif would need to pass a gender verification test to be eligible to fight against women again, the document at the heart of this entire saga may have surfaced. Advertisement American sportswriter Alan Abrahamson, formerly of the Los Angeles Times, published to his website what appears to be a leaked image of Khelif's sex-test results from the 2023 IBA world championships in New Delhi. The chromosome analysis says that Khelif has a 'male karyotype' (an individual's complete set of chromosomes). IBA officials had previously alleged without offering proof that Khelif was XY. It's unclear how Abrahamson attained the apparent leaked document or whether it is legitimate. Neither Khelif nor anyone with the Algerian Boxing Federation have publicly addressed the report or World Boxing's mandatory sex testing policy. The test results carry the letterhead of Dr. Lal Path Labs in New Delhi, accredited by the American College of Pathologists and certified by the Swiss-based International Organisation for Standardisation. That appears to fly in the face of claims made last August by IOC spokesman Mark Adams, who during a news conference at the Paris Olympics took the stance that any test administered by the IBA was essentially fruit from a poison tree. Advertisement 'The tests themselves, the process of the tests, the ad hoc nature of the tests, are not legitimate,' Adams said. Also left with egg on his face is IOC president Thomas Bach, who several times insinuated that the Khelif test results were part of a Russian disinformation campaign. The IBA is run by Umar Kremlev, a Russian businessman with close ties to the Kremlin. "This was part of the many, many fake news campaigns we had to face from Russia before Paris and after Paris," Bach told Reuters last March. If the leaked test results put pressure on IOC officials to explain why they believe they're illegitimate, they also increase the burden on Khelif to make a public comment. Advertisement When speaking to reporters in Paris after her gold-medal match victory last summer, Khelif brushed aside questions about her gender. "I am a woman, like any other woman,' Khelif said. 'I was born a woman. I have lived as a woman. I compete as a woman.' Khelif has previously said she wants to win a second gold medal at the 2028 Los Angeles Games. For now, the notion of her receiving clearance to fight against women again at a future Olympics is becoming more difficult to envision.