Cloudy with a chance of penguin poo
Penguins may be nature's surprise climate helpers, thanks to their cloud-boosting droppings.
Antarctica's icy wilderness is warming rapidly under the weight of human-driven climate change, yet a new study points to an unlikely ally in the fight to keep the continent cool: penguin poo.
Published in Communications Earth & Environment, the research shows that ammonia wafting off penguin guano seeds extra cloud cover above coastal Antarctica, likely blocking sunlight and nudging temperatures down.
Lead author Matthew Boyer, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Helsinki, said that lab studies had long shown gaseous ammonia can help form clouds.
But "to actually quantify this process and to see its influence in Antarctica hasn't been done," he said.
Antarctica is an ideal natural laboratory. With virtually no human pollution and scant vegetation - both alternative sources of cloud-forming gases - penguin colonies dominate as ammonia emitters.
The birds' future, however, is under threat.
Shrinking sea ice disrupts their nesting, feeding and predator-avoidance routines - making it all the more urgent to understand their broader ecological role.
Along with other seabirds such as Imperial Shags, penguins expel large amounts of ammonia through droppings, an acrid cocktail of feces and urine released via their multi-purpose cloacas.
When that ammonia mixes with sulfur-bearing gases from phytoplankton - the microscopic algae that bloom in the surrounding ocean - it boosts the formation of tiny aerosol particles that grow into clouds.
To capture the effect in the real world, Boyer and teammates set up instruments at Argentina's Marambio Base on Seymour Island, off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Over three summer months - when penguin colonies are bustling and phytoplankton photosynthesis peaks - they monitored wind direction, ammonia levels and newly minted aerosols.
When the breeze blew from a 60 000-strong Adelie penguin colony eight kilometers (five miles) away, atmospheric ammonia spiked to 13.5 parts per billion - about a thousand times the background level.
For over a month after the birds had departed on their annual migration, concentrations stayed roughly 100 times higher, with the guano-soaked ground acting as a slow-release fertiliser.
Particle counters told the same story: cloud-seeding aerosols surged whenever air masses arrived from the colony, at times thick enough to generate a dense fog.
Chemical fingerprints in the particles pointed back to penguin-derived ammonia.
Penguin-plankton partnership
Boyer calls it a "synergistic process" between penguins and phytoplankton that supercharges aerosol production in the region.
"We provide evidence that declining penguin populations could cause a positive climate-warming feedback in the summertime Antarctic atmosphere," the authors write - though Boyer emphasised that this remains a hypothesis, not a confirmed outcome.
Globally, clouds have a net cooling effect by reflecting solar radiation back into space. Based on Arctic modeling of seabird emissions, the team believes a similar mechanism is likely at play in Antarctica.
But the impact also depends on what's beneath the clouds.
Ice sheets and glaciers also reflect much of the sun's energy, so extra cloud cover over these bright surfaces could trap infrared heat instead - meaning the overall effect hinges on where the clouds form and drift.
Still, the findings highlight the profound interconnections between life and the atmosphere - from the Great Oxygenation Event driven by photosynthesising microbes billions of years ago to penguins influencing cloud cover today.
"This is just another example of this deep connection between the ecosystem and atmospheric processes, and why we should care about biodiversity and conservation," Boyer said.
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