Not All Ritalin Is Created Equal: Why Some Generics Fail to Work
Stanford University researchers have discovered why some people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may do well on their medicine for a while but struggle down the road.
Researchers tested how generic Ritalin and other versions of the drug known as methylphenidate dissolve and found some dissipated much more quickly or slowly than they should have, according to a study, the final version of which is set to be published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
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Forbes
35 minutes ago
- Forbes
Is ChatGPT Making Us Stupid?
Two research studies suggest that heavy use of AI is not only a game changer, but an alarming threat ... More to humanity's ability to solve problems, communicate with one another, and perhaps to thrive. In boardrooms and classrooms, coffee shops and cubicles, the same question keeps coming up: Is ChatGPT making us smarter, or is it making us intellectually lazy—maybe even stupid? There's no question that generative artificial intelligence is a game-changer. ChatGPT drafts our emails, answers our questions, and completes our sentences. For students, it's become the new CliffsNotes. For professionals, a brainstorming device. For coders, a potential job killer. In record time, it has become a productivity enhancer for almost everything. But what is it doing to our brains? As someone who has spent his career helping clients anticipate and prepare for the future, this question deserves our attention. With any new technology, concerns inevitably arise about its impact. When calculators were first introduced, people worried that students would lose their ability to perform basic arithmetic or mental math skills. When GPS was first introduced, some fretted that we would lose our innate sense of direction. And when the internet bloomed, people grew alarmed that easy access to information would erode our capacity for concentration and contemplation. 'Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, is what often gets shortchanged by internet grazing,' noted technology writer Nicholas Carr in a prescient 2008 Atlantic article, 'Is Google Making Us Stupid?' Today, Carr's question needs to be asked anew – but of a different techno-innovation. Just-released research studies are helping us understand what's going on when we allow ChatGPT to think for us. What Happens to the Brain on ChatGPT? Researchers at MIT invited fifty-four participants to write essays across four sessions, divided into three groups: one using ChatGPT, one using Google, and one using only their brainpower. In the final session, the groups switched roles. What these researchers found should make all of us pause. Participants who used ChatGPT consistently produced essays that scored lower in originality and depth than those who used search or wrote unaided. More strikingly, brain imaging revealed a decline in cognitive engagement in ChatGPT users. Brain regions associated with attention, memory, and higher-order reasoning were noticeably less active. The MIT researchers introduced the concept of "cognitive debt"—the subtle but accumulating cost to our mental faculties when we outsource too much of our thinking to AI. 'Just as relying on a GPS dulls our sense of direction, relying on AI to write and reason can dull our ability to do those very things ourselves,' notes the MIT report. 'That's a debt that compounds over time.' The second study, published in the peer-reviewed Swiss journal Societies, is titled 'AI Tools in Society: Impacts on Cognitive Offloading and the Future of Critical Thinking.' It broadens the lens from a lab experiment to everyday life. Researchers surveyed 666 individuals from various age and educational backgrounds to explore how often people rely on AI tools—and how that reliance affects their ability to think critically. The findings revealed a strong negative correlation between frequent AI use and critical thinking performance. Those who often turned to AI for tasks like writing, researching, or decision-making exhibited lower 'metacognitive' awareness and analytical reasoning. This wasn't limited to any one demographic, but younger users and those with lower educational attainment were particularly affected. What's more, the study confirmed that over-reliance on AI encourages 'cognitive offloading'—our tendency to let external tools do the work our brains used to do. While cognitive offloading isn't new (we've done it for centuries with calculators and calendars), AI takes it to a whole new level. 'When your assistant can 'think' for you, you may stop thinking altogether,' the report notes. Are We Letting the Tool Use Us? These studies aren't anti-AI. Neither am I. I use ChatGPT daily. As a futurist, I see ChatGPT and similar tools as transformational breakthroughs—the printing press of the 21st century. They unlock productivity, unleash creativity, and lower barriers to knowledge. But just as the printing press didn't eliminate the need to learn to read, ChatGPT doesn't absolve us of the responsibility to think. And that is the danger today, that people will stop doing their own thinking. These studies are preliminary, and further research is needed. However, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that heavy use of AI is not only a game changer, but an alarming threat to humanity's ability to solve problems, communicate with one another, and perhaps to thrive. In integrating metacognitive strategies—thinking about thinking—into education, workplace training, and even product design. In other words, don't just use AI—engage with it. The line we must straddle is between augmentation and abdication. Are we using AI to elevate our thinking? Or are we turning over the keys to robots? Here are four ideas for using this new technology, while keeping our cognitive edge sharp: The danger isn't that ChatGPT will replace us. But it can make us stupid—if we let it replace our thinking instead of enriching it. The difference lies in how we use it, and more importantly, how aware we are while using it. The danger is that we'll stop developing the parts of ourselves that matter most—because it's faster and easier to let the machine do it. Let's not allow that to happen.
WebMD
43 minutes ago
- WebMD
Why It's Important to Finally Define 'Fitness' for Yourself
June 19, 2025 — For most of my life, if you asked me if I was fit, I would say yes without hesitation. I spent my childhood playing year-round sports, was on a D1 lacrosse team in college, became a certified trainer, and spent more than a decade as a fitness director for a major women's magazine. By pretty much any objective measure, my fitness hovered somewhere above average. More than that, I loved it: the stress relief, the sense of accomplishment, the high after a tough workout; the grit I developed in (and out) of sports. It wasn't hard for me to feel connected to and passionate about exercise. But as I sit here in the midst of a stressful season of life — a few months out from unexpected abdominal surgery, among other joys — I am so very far from that version of me. I know I don't have the speed, strength, or cardiovascular endurance I've had in the past. And for the first time (maybe ever), I'm not sure what to call myself. Am I fit? Woefully out of shape? What, exactly, does any of that mean? As I talked to experts on the topic, I learned something pivotal: the most important definition of fitness isn't in a textbook — it's a truth you define for yourself. What Is Fitness? Let Us Count the Ways While there are objective measures of physical fitness — your VO2 max and grip strength, for example — not every expert will agree on which ones matter most. Medical doctors view physical fitness through a lens of disease. Are you exercising enough to help you avoid poor health outcomes? Longevity zealots will zero in on 'health span.' Are you doing workouts that will lengthen the vibrant, active years of your life? (And, of course, posting all about it on social media so everyone knows). Athletes will look to specific performance metrics that deliver success in their particular arena. Where does your pace per mile fall within the rest of the runners your age? How many pushups can you do in a minute? Pullups? What's your bench-squat-deadlift total? Resting heart rate? And on and on. And for you, maybe none of the above. ' What we know for sure is that there's a million different ways to look at how to even define what fitness is,' says Boston-based sports psychology coach Emily Saul. For Saul's money, everything you read and hear about defining fitness is noise. Consider one thing only: 'What feels meaningful?' 'It really comes down to the individual,' she says. 'Because your assessment is always within the context of whatever your standard is. So you have to decide for yourself what things are important in terms of the quality of your life.' Sometimes it helps to think of real, life-based situations where you can say to yourself, I want to be able to do that. That makes me feel fit. Maybe it's not having to ask for help when putting your suitcase in the overhead bin. Or maybe you're a grandparent and want to play with your grandkids on the floor. 'It's not going to be the same answer for everyone,' she adds. 'Each person has to decide what's meaningful for them right now.' From there, assessment of your fitness becomes far easier — because it's tied to one very simple metric: your own progress. 'I care more about the person's progress and what they're doing now compared to where they were three months ago,' says Los Angeles-based fitness coach Sohee Lee Carpenter. 'Are you lifting more weight? Are you doing more reps? Has your form improved? Are you moving pain -free? Do you feel better when you do certain movements? Can you run more miles without stopping? Those kinds of things are way better markers of fitness.' Why Finding Your 'Why' Needs a Rethink There's a reason things like the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans exist: Regular exercise is not really an elective; it's an essential pillar for overall good health. So why does there seem to be this collective eye -rolling, heel-dragging response to it? For starters, some of it stems from our culturally complicated relationship with physical activity. That's a good question to ask: Do I have a positive relationship with physical activity? Research has shown for years that a negative perception or relationship with exercise wrecks your motivation. Maybe you feel intimidated, inadequate, or defeated when you think about exercise. Maybe you see too many super-fit people on Instagram and know that's not you, never was, never will be. The message has been driven home that fitness is a 'have to' not a 'want to' proposition. We also live in a very goals-driven society, which creates this idea that you need to have an ambitious 'why' behind your exercise routine. (In reality, you don't.) 'The social media version of 'what's your why?' is essentially, what's the next thing you're aiming to do?' Saul says. 'It's how people shorthand for what their next goal is, and they talk about it as if that's their bigger meaning. I push back hard when I hear people say something like 'My why is qualifying for Boston.' No, that's not 'your why.' That's the means to what you think is your why. So let's actually get at what's meaningful to you about that.' This is critical to making exercise Your Thing. You have to ask yourself: What are the bigger values driving me? And what about this thing (working out) is connected to my values? 'That can't come from an outside source telling you, 'You've got to do it' or 'This is what I do,'' says Jen Fraboni, DPT, founder of Jen Health. 'It has to come from what you're really hearing from listening within your own body.' Do you believe yourself to be hardworking? Great. 'You can work hard at something that you don't necessarily want to do — not because you're trying to force yourself to like doing the thing but because you value being a hard worker,' says Saul. 'You may never love the thing, but lots of people do things because they like the results and not because they like the activity itself.' There are days you don't feel like going to work, right? But you get up, make your coffee, and go anyway. Because whether you realize it or not, your job is connected in some way to your core values (like taking care of your family or challenging yourself). You need to bring that same perspective to fitness: what about this thing (working out) is connected to your identity? 'The reason most people [exercise] is not because there's always that strong internal motivation or desire for it,' says Saul. 'It's that doing it is in alignment with who I know myself to be — or with who I really want to know myself to be.' That last part is important because it means even if you're not there yet, the way you choose to think about yourself can hold a lot of power. 'It actually starts not with 'I choose to see myself as an active person' but 'I understand the kinds of things that an active person does and I will do them,'' says Saul. 'That's this formulaic statement, right? Like if active people do these things, and I do these things, then I am an active person — and I have to believe that because I'm building evidence of it day after day after day. It's not easy at the start to just see yourself that way, but it becomes harder to not see yourself that way by doing those things.' When fitness crisscrosses with who you are, it feels less like a duty. It becomes something you do whether you're always super excited about it or not. After talking to Saul, I thought about it. I value being someone who tackles hard things. And wouldn't you know: that little flip — focusing on the idea that I want to be someone who does hard things, and right now for a number of reasons fitness is a thing that feels hard — well, it's helped pull me off the couch on days I can't seem to find my usual motivation. The Depths of Perception All too often, the hardest part of working out isn't even the act itself, it's what happens right before. In the thinking about working out. How you perceive exercise in that moment defines what you do. A subtle shift in perception, in perspective, changes how you feel — and ultimately act. 'It's even harder if you are very stuck on 'fitness looks like this' or 'my workouts have to be this way,'' says Carpenter. Even harder still? When you're judging yourself based on a past (younger, fitter) version of you. Carpenter stresses that you have to be willing to recalibrate what is realistic — and what you can perceive as a 'fitness win' — right now. 'Maybe when you were in your marathon days, a fitness win was getting faster in a particular workout,' she says. 'Now, maybe it's 'Hey, I got on a 30-minute workout when I wanted to not do anything at all.' Changing those definitions, maybe even tracking them, and celebrating those little wins can help a lot.' Sometimes those wins might initially feel like a step back. 'I am running a challenge right now and I have someone who actually took a break from doing any kind of deadlifting because of pain,' says Fraboni, also a pregnancy and postpartum corrective exercise specialist (PCES). 'We're starting to ease back into it restarting at the basics — doing mobility and breath work, being so mindful of form — and she's like, 'wow, I'm realizing that if I step back on the weight and don't let the ego drive me on what I should be doing and what I have done in the past, I feel so much stronger and better in my body.'' Whether you're coming back from an injury, illness, having a baby, or dealing with a hectic work schedule, not judging or comparing yourself to past versions of fitness is hard — even for seasoned pros. Take Fraboni, who's a new mother of two: 'I feel like I'm progressing so well in strength pretty quickly postpartum and that feels good. However, I feel like I'm moving in a foreign body,' she says. 'It's almost like two different worlds: so proud of myself for how I'm gaining strength; and, on the flip side, I look in the mirror and think, Whoa, I don't recognize who I am. I've never felt like this. I've never looked like this.' In those phases of life, Fraboni stresses the importance of having empathy for the person you see in the mirror and a solid grip on the reality of your goals. 'It's a new person that I'm moving into,' she says. 'We never are going back to the person we were before. We're never going back into a previous body. We're always moving forward — we're aging, we're changing — so I have to always make that switch in my mind mentally that this is a new body and I'm moving forward.' 'Claim Your Identity as a 'Fit Person'' Nearly a decade ago, I was out to dinner in New York City with the incredibly fit, active, and vibrant LaJean Lawson, PhD, a 63-year-old exercise scientist. I asked her, 'What's your secret to staying in such great shape?' Her answer was simple: Identify your 'basic threshold' of fitness that is impossible to fail. Early on, Lawson decided she had to claim an unrelenting identity as a fit person, and in order to do that, she needed to perform an intentional fitness activity daily. Her basic threshold: one pullup or two full pushups. So at the end of every day, whether she was sick, or traveling, or crazy with work deadlines, she would do one of those two things. It may not sound like much, but, in less than 15 seconds a day, it has enabled her to maintain a very long streak of being a continuously active person. While I loved the philosophy, I was skeptical. But I gave it a shot anyways. My first basic threshold: Rather than taking a cab or subway, I would walk to and from work (about 25 minutes each way). It didn't take long to notice that instead of feeling defeated for missing a spin class, I was proud that I kicked off my heels and hiked home — even if it was raining, snowing, or late. Was the effort comparable? Of course not. But it helped shift my mindset and it made me feel like I was still on track. Lawson's modest approach has stuck with me, and I have repeatedly tested — and proved — its effectiveness. I can choose a bare minimum that works for the season I'm in, not the season I want to be in. These activities don't outweigh or replace my workouts, but they help connect the dots in between missed sessions and breed confidence rather than frustration. As Lawson so perfectly told me, 'In the end, being able to claim your identity as a 'fit person' is as much a state of being as it is a state of doing.' At the heart of true long-term success is repetition. When you take a look at the principal achievement among people who successfully maintain active and healthy lives for years and decades, you'll see a common denominator: They have made being active a consistent part of their way of life. It isn't a switch they turn on before beach season or a big event and then shut off as soon as it's over. What's more, their daily behaviors don't change how they see themselves. They're still active, healthy people — even if they haven't been to the gym in weeks. They don't beat themselves up or give up on their goals because they made one mistake or got nudged off track. It doesn't change how they think of themselves as people. 'From a health behavior perspective, we know that higher levels of self-compassion are correlated with more perseverance,' says Carpenter. 'You're more likely to keep trying in pursuit of a goal if you're not as hard on yourself about it. So when you miss a day, you're not beating yourself up about it — and because you're not beating yourself up about it, you're less likely to throw in the towel.' An important caveat: 'Self-compassion and self-love do involve being brutally honest with yourself, too,' she adds. 'I think it's super important to be accountable. Sometimes you need to call yourself out.' The truth is, there have been plenty of moments over the past few months where I have given myself a pass to skip the gym, when I know my body (and soul) would have felt better doing something. Whether you're working towards the best shape of your life or you're far away from your goals, there is one metric above all others that can serve as a powerful gut check: Are you consistent? 'For most people, the thing that we're wanting more than anything is just a feeling of progress, " says Saul. 'That's one of the core basic psychological needs.' That has become my new barometer. If I'm checking the boxes day after day, then I know I'm moving in the right direction. If I've given myself too many days off, it's time for an honest look in the mirror. Not to guilt or shame or beat myself up, but just to reset. 'There's this overwhelming pressure to be perfect every single day, and that's not the reality for anyone,' says Fraboni. 'But what if you just chose to choose again the next day? OK, I didn't do it today, but I can choose again tomorrow. What a gift to be able to do that — to get the choice to choose again.'
Fast Company
an hour ago
- Fast Company
Your reliance on ChatGPT might be really bad for your brain
If you value critical thinking, you may want to rethink your use of ChatGPT. As graduates proudly show off using ChatGPT for final projects, and with 89% of students admitting to using it for homework, have you ever wondered what effect this is having on our brains? A new study conducted by researchers at MIT split 54 participants (aged 18 to 39 from the Boston area) into three groups. Each was tasked with writing 20-minute essays based on SAT prompts using either OpenAI's ChatGPT, Google's comparatively more traditional search engine, or their own brains. Researchers then used electroencephalogram (or EEG) to record brain activity across 32 regions. Of the three groups, those assisted by ChatGPT engaged their brains the least and 'consistently underperformed at neural, linguistic, and behavioral levels.' The study found that using ChatGPT reduced activity in brain regions associated with memory and learning, as 'some 'human thinking' and planning' was offloaded to the LLM. Unsurprisingly, ChatGPT users felt less ownership over their essays compared to the other groups. They also struggled to recall or quote from their own essays shortly after submitting them—showing how reliance on the LLM bypassed deep memory processes. Over several months, those using ChatGPT became lazier with each essay. By the end of the study, their work amounted to little more than copy-and-paste. Two English teachers who assessed the essays called them largely 'soulless.' The paper's lead author, Nataliya Kosmyna, told Time: 'It was more like, 'Just give me the essay, refine this sentence, edit it, and I'm done.'' By comparison, the group using their own brains showed the highest neural connectivity, were more engaged and curious, and expressed greater satisfaction with their essays. The Google Search group also showed high satisfaction and active brain function. Given how frequently ChatGPT is now used in educational settings, these findings give cause for concern. A February 2025 OpenAI report on ChatGPT use among college-aged users found that more than one-quarter of their ChatGPT conversations were education-related. The report also revealed that the top five uses for students were writing-centered: starting papers and projects (49%), summarizing long texts (48%), brainstorming creative projects (45%), exploring new topics (44%), and revising writing (44%). The MIT paper has not yet been peer-reviewed, and its sample size is relatively small. However, the authors believed it was important to release the findings to draw attention to the damaging long-term impact that use of large language models may have on our brains—as more and more people outsource everything from work tasks to texting. 'What really motivated me to put it out now before waiting for a full peer review is that I am afraid in 6-8 months, there will be some policymaker who decides, 'Let's do GPT kindergarten.' I think that would be absolutely bad and detrimental,' Kosmyna told Time. 'Developing brains are at the highest risk.'
