Researchers celebrate women in STEM this week, but 'still a long way to go'
She says one of those was when she was a young mountain guide waiting to meet American clients to help them summit Aconcagua in South America.
"When they saw me, they're like, 'Are you the ranger or are you just picking us up?' Just instantly sizing me up," said Criscitiello, now the director of the University of Alberta's Canadian Ice Core Lab, which studies climate records and environmental chemistry in Canadian High Arctic and alpine regions.
"Their reaction was just bad."
During the expedition, she said the men who questioned her guiding skills couldn't handle the altitude, failed to summit and decided to stay at their camp the next day to nap.
"I left them there and ran to the top myself," she said. "It was a good day."
Criscitiello, a queer woman now working in science, technology, engineering and mathematics, or STEM, said she still has to be the "strongest and fastest" just to be considered an equal to her male colleagues.
That's why she'll be marking the International Day of Women in Science on Tuesday at the Telus World of Science in Edmonton — to remind young women it's important for them to keep going.
"An American colleague did research on general demographics on the field, and we do know there's still a long way to go. The spaces that I work at are still quite male dominated," she said.
"So it's always at the forefront of my mind how important it is that we diversify the hard sciences in general by trying to be more visible as a woman, as a queer person and all the things that I am."
She said she realized late in her career she was hiding her who she is.
"I felt for a long time that it was a pro to be private about who I am personally, like it somehow detracted from my science to let the more human side come out," she said.
"But over the years and I just got more and more defiant and determined to stay where I was, keep doing what I was doing."
Representation is important, said Jessica Haines, an assistant professor of biological science at MacEwan University in Edmonton, who will also be marking the day by presenting research on Alberta squirrels at the science centre.
"One thing that is important about gender diversity or other aspects of diversity is that everyone comes into their job with their own unique perspective, their own unique background and their own ideas of how they could problem solve," said Haines.
"That helps us move our field forward."
She said she wants women to see they can do anything.
"When I was young, I didn't really know that studying squirrels was an option. I lived somewhere that was a bit more traditional in their views of what men and women could do," said Haines, who is originally from the East Coast.
"I came from a family where there were very few people who had gone to university."
She said Alberta's squirrels have taught her how to overcome these barriers.
"Squirrels are a species that are really good at making do and thriving, regardless of what kind of environment they encounter."
Some of them live in trees, some on the ground, some sleep through winter, while others are active all year, she said.
"They show being adaptable is really key to success."
Divya Kaur, one of two female chemistry professors out of 12 at Ontario's Brock University, said a strong female role model encouraged her to pursue a career in science.
"When I started my career as an international student, my role model played an important role in my life," said Kaur, who is from India.
"She showed me what the possibilities are … because most of the time students don't know or they're not provided enough counselling," she said.
Kaur said she'll be thinking about the important women in her life on Tuesday.
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Toronto Sun
a day ago
- Toronto Sun
The potential key to upgrading toothpaste? Sheep's wool and human hair.
Published Aug 15, 2025 • 4 minute read Sherif Elsharkawy with wool in the research laboratory. MUST CREDIT: King's College London jpg Reviews and recommendations are unbiased and products are independently selected. Postmedia may earn an affiliate commission from purchases made through links on this page. The next major innovation in dental care just might be a new ingredient added to our toothpaste and mouthwash from an unlikely source: sheep's wool or human hair. This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. THIS CONTENT IS RESERVED FOR SUBSCRIBERS ONLY Subscribe now to read the latest news in your city and across Canada. Unlimited online access to articles from across Canada with one account. Get exclusive access to the Toronto Sun ePaper, an electronic replica of the print edition that you can share, download and comment on. Enjoy insights and behind-the-scenes analysis from our award-winning journalists. Support local journalists and the next generation of journalists. Daily puzzles including the New York Times Crossword. SUBSCRIBE TO UNLOCK MORE ARTICLES Subscribe now to read the latest news in your city and across Canada. Unlimited online access to articles from across Canada with one account. Get exclusive access to the Toronto Sun ePaper, an electronic replica of the print edition that you can share, download and comment on. Enjoy insights and behind-the-scenes analysis from our award-winning journalists. Support local journalists and the next generation of journalists. Daily puzzles including the New York Times Crossword. REGISTER / SIGN IN TO UNLOCK MORE ARTICLES Create an account or sign in to continue with your reading experience. Access articles from across Canada with one account. Share your thoughts and join the conversation in the comments. Enjoy additional articles per month. Get email updates from your favourite authors. THIS ARTICLE IS FREE TO READ REGISTER TO UNLOCK. Create an account or sign in to continue with your reading experience. Access articles from across Canada with one account Share your thoughts and join the conversation in the comments Enjoy additional articles per month Get email updates from your favourite authors Don't have an account? Create Account Both contain the fibrous protein keratin, which can repair damaged tooth enamel, according to an international study led by researchers at King's College London. The scientists found that keratin can stop the early stages of tooth decay, a problem that afflicts about 90 percent of American adults aged 20 to 64 years, according to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, part of the National Institutes of Health. Reporting this week in the journal Advanced Healthcare Materials, the researchers said that when keratin mixes with the minerals found in saliva, such as calcium and phosphate, it forms a coating that mimics the structure of natural enamel and is comparable in strength. Tooth enamel, the protective outer layer shielding teeth, is the hardest substance in the human body, but it can be worn away by acidic foods and beverages, acid reflux, dry mouth, poor brushing and flossing, and the nighttime grinding that can occur when we sleep. Your noon-hour look at what's happening in Toronto and beyond. By signing up you consent to receive the above newsletter from Postmedia Network Inc. Please try again This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. While other parts of the human body have the capacity to regenerate – fingernails, skin, bone, blood vessels and the liver – enamel cannot. 'Unfortunately, once you lose the enamel it doesn't come back. It's gone forever,' said Sherif Elsharkawy, senior author of the new paper and a senior clinical lecturer in prosthodontics at King's College London. Prosthodontics is the branch of dentistry dealing with the design, manufacture and fitting of artificial replacements for teeth and other parts of the mouth. A 2014 paper suggested that hair keratin is important to tooth enamel. Researchers who worked on the study found that people with mutations in the keratin were at increased risk of dental decay. Keratin is already found in shampoos, conditioners, skin moisturizers and lotions, and food like eggs and salmon promote keratin production. This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. 'It's extremely safe,' Elsharkawy said. While keratin has yet to be added to any commercially available toothpaste or mouthwash, that might be only two or three years away, according to Elsharkawy. He also envisions a gel that dentists could use when treating patients with damaged enamel. Martinna Bertolini, an assistant professor of periodontics and preventive dentistry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine who was not involved in the study, said, 'Overall, I think it's promising as a future formulation, though this paper didn't test a real product, so formulation, safety, taste, dosing and clinical trials still lie ahead.' Elsharkawy's team, which included scientists from the University of Toronto, the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden, and the University of Trento in Italy, tested the keratin using an artificial saliva that has a similar concentrations of elements to our own. They applied the mix to human teeth with lab-created decay and found the treatment filled in the gaps in the enamel and outperformed a plastic resin currently used to treat early decay lesions. This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Elsharkawy said the keratin treatment formed a shield that was five to six times harder than the one created by the plastic resin. Bertolini said it would not be difficult to adjust the chemical components that the researchers used, which should make it simpler to translate their lab results into a product that will work in a dentist's office. Sami Dogan, a professor of restorative dentistry at the University of Washington who was not involved in the study, called keratin 'a very promising technology,' for enamel repair, but one that is in the very early stages of development and may still be a decade or more from reaching the market. One clear advantage it would have, he said, is that 'keratin from the get-go is very cheap and it's also abundant.' This advertisement has not loaded yet, but your article continues below. Dogan has been working with other researchers on a peptide, a short chain of amino acids, designed to rebuild worn tooth enamel and cover sensitive tissue with 'mineral microlayers.' The technique would closely resemble the way the body develops teeth. Dogan said he could foresee using both methods – the keratin scaffold and the peptide – to treat deep cavities. Tim Wright, editor in chief of the Journal of the American Dental Association, and a professor at the Adams School of Dentistry at the University of North Carolina, said that there are existing methods of creating dental scaffolding that 'are modestly successful.' While he said there is still a need to develop more effective and cheaper alternatives, he is far from sold on the keratin results in the new paper. 'It's got promise, but I would want to see it in an actual clinical trial,' he said. Elsharkawy remains confident. He said researchers intend to conduct a clinical study to learn more about the mechanism and get a better understanding of the most effective dose. For more health news and content around diseases, conditions, wellness, healthy living, drugs, treatments and more, head to – a member of the Postmedia Network. Other Sports World Canada Sunshine Girls Wrestling


Japan Forward
3 days ago
- Japan Forward
Antarctic Whales: Insights from Decades of Research
[SPONSORED] Japan's long-term surveys of whales in the Antarctic Ocean have deepened understanding of the region's whale populations. What scientists learned. Humpback whales have seen a remarkable recovery in their populations in both the southern and northern hemispheres. (©Institute for Cetacean Research) このページを 日本語 で読む Since 1987, Japan's Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR) has carried out long-term whale surveys in the Antarctic Ocean. Over the years, these efforts have deepened our understanding of whales and whale populations and the surrounding marine environment. This article offers a reader-friendly look at what the research has revealed so far. Minke whales were once believed to be a single species found across the world's oceans. However, research from Japan's whale sampling program revealed that those in the Southern Hemisphere are genetically distinct. They are now classified as Antarctic minke whales. These whales are widely distributed across the Southern Hemisphere. In summer, they migrate south to the Antarctic Ocean, where they feed on vast amounts of Antarctic krill to store energy for the year ahead. They exist in multiple populations, each with its own breeding grounds. Japanese research identified two major populations between the Indian Ocean and western Pacific (35°E to 145°W), which intermingle in the central part of this range. Historically, Antarctic minke whales reached sexual maturity at around 14 to 15 years of age. But after commercial whaling sharply reduced blue and other large baleen whales, krill became more abundant. This abundance allowed minke whales to mature earlier — now at just seven to eight years. That shift likely contributed to a population increase from around 100,000 to 515,000 individuals. Estimated Population of Antarctic Minke Whales in Area IV. (©Suisan Keizai Daily News) Southern right whales can grow up to 18 meters long, while newborns measure between 4.5 and 6 meters. They are easy to recognize by their enormous heads — roughly a quarter of their body length — and the callosities (roughened patches) on their skin. Unlike many other whale species, they have no dorsal fin or throat grooves. Pregnancy lasts about 12 months, and females give birth roughly every three years. Calving takes place in mid- to low-latitude coastal waters, including areas off southwestern Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and both coasts of South America. After calving, the whales migrate to higher latitudes to feed. Due to their slow swimming speed and tendency to float after death, southern right whales were among the first to be targeted by whalers. Intense hunting by European and American fleets from the 17th to 19th centuries led to a steep decline in their numbers. By 1920, their global population had fallen to an estimated 300 individuals — already considered rare when modern whaling began. The species has been protected from hunting since 1937 and has now been under international protection for 86 years (as of 2023). Their original population is estimated at 55,000 to 70,000. In the Antarctic, they are mainly found in Area IV, where a 2007–08 survey estimated the population at 1,557 individuals, with an annual growth rate of 5.9%. Estimated Population of Southern Right Whales in Area IV. (©Suisan Keizai Daily News) Fin whales are most commonly found between 40°S and 60°S, a region known for its strong westerly winds and rough seas. Some whales venture even farther south beyond 60°S, which contributes to year-to-year fluctuations in population estimates. Commercial hunting of fin whales in the Southern Hemisphere was banned in 1976. As of 2023 — 47 years later — there are encouraging signs of recovery. In the Southern Ocean south of 60°S, the Indian Ocean group (Areas III East and IV) was estimated at 3,087 individuals in 1995/96, but declined to 2,610 in 2007/08. In contrast, the South Pacific group (Areas V and western VI) grew dramatically from 1,879 to 14,981 individuals over the same period. These groups are now showing annual growth rates of 8.9% and 12%, respectively. Estimated Population of Fin Whales in the Indo-Pacific Region South of 60°S. (©Suisan Keizai Daily News) In the Southern Hemisphere, adult humpback whales can reach about 16 meters for females and 15 meters for males. Newborns typically measure between 4.5 and 5.0 meters. Their most distinctive feature is their exceptionally long pectoral fins, which can stretch to one-third of their body lasts around 12 months. Calving takes place in warmer, low-latitude coastal waters, after which mothers and calves migrate to cooler, high-latitude feeding grounds south of 50°S. From 1904 to 1963, humpbacks were heavily targeted by commercial whaling, and their numbers declined steeply. Hunting was banned in the Southern Hemisphere in the 1963/64 season and later extended worldwide in 1966. When Japan's Antarctic Research Program for Whales (JARPA) began, humpback sightings were so rare that spotting just one became a highlight of cruise logs. But beginning in the late 1990s, researchers started to witness a remarkable recovery. In the Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica (Area IV), humpbacks eventually became the dominant species by biomass south of 60°S during summer, overtaking Antarctic minke whales. Since the mid-1990s, the IWC Scientific Committee has raised questions about the reliability of JARPA's findings, prompting Japan to defend the credibility of its research. In August 2008, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) released an update: although some regional concerns remain, the global humpback whale population — including those in the Northern Hemisphere — had surpassed 60,000 and was continuing to grow. The IUCN reclassified the species from "Vulnerable (VU)" to "Least Concern (LC)" on its Red List. Recent estimates put the population at 29,067 in Area IV and 13,894 in Area V, with both regions showing steady growth. Surveys conducted by Australia and New Zealand have also confirmed this upward trend. Estimated Population of Humpback Whales in Area IV. (©Suisan Keizai Daily News) Visual surveys conducted in the Antarctic during the 1980s estimated the blue whale population at just 700 individuals, highlighting the species' critically endangered status at the time. By the 2005/06 to 2007/08 surveys, the estimated number of blue whales south of 60°S in the Southern Ocean had increased to 1,223. The population is now believed to be growing at an annual rate of about 8.2%. Even so, the numbers remain very low — just around 2% of the species' estimated original population of 250,000. Still, more than 60 years have passed since hunting was banned in the 1963/64 season, and there are now gentle signs that the species is on a slow path to recovery. Estimated Population of Blue Whales in the Indo-Pacific Region South of 60°S. (©Suisan Keizai Daily News) This program was launched in response to the International Whaling Commission (IWC)'s 1982 decision to place a moratorium on commercial whaling. The IWC's main focus was the Antarctic minke whale. Surveys focused on population size, natural mortality, recruitment rates, and the ecological role of whales in the Antarctic Ocean. Researchers also examined how environmental changes were affecting whale populations and studied the distribution of different whale groups across the region. JARPA II expanded the scope of research to include not only Antarctic minke whales but also fin whales and humpback whales. The program aimed to explore how different whale species interact with one another, monitor the broader Antarctic ecosystem, and develop models of ecological competition among whales. In 2014, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) reviewed the program following a case brought by Australia. While the court acknowledged the scientific value of the research, it ruled that JARPA II did not fall within the scope of Article VIII, Paragraph 1 of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. One of the reasons cited was the program's failure to meet its target sample size. As a result, JARPA II came to an end later that year. NEWREP-A was developed in response to the ICJ ruling. The program was launched after expert review by the IWC and discussions within its Scientific Committee. Its main goal was to improve the accuracy of biological and ecological data used to calculate catch limits for Antarctic minke whales under the Revised Management Procedure (RMP). It also aimed to deepen understanding of the Antarctic ecosystem through the development of ecosystem models. This ongoing program continues Japan's long-term efforts to study whales in the Antarctic with a focus on sustainable use of marine resources. All research is conducted through non-lethal methods. The survey looks at population size and trends among large whale species, as well as their distribution, migration patterns, and stock structure. Since the launch of JASS-A, no whales have been caught, and researchers are now working to update population estimates based on data from the 2010s and 2020s. Surveys are primarily being conducted in Areas IV and V. (©Suisan Keizai Daily News ) (Provided by the Institute of Cetacean Research) (The report is published in cooperation with the Institute of Cetacean Research in Japan. A version of it was first published in Japanese in the Suisan Keizai Daily News on February 28, 2023. Let us hear your thoughts in our comments section.) Author: Suisan Keizai Daily News このページを 日本語 で読む


Toronto Star
7 days ago
- Toronto Star
I'm a doctor and vaccines changed my childhood. Here's a lesson we all need to learn
By Nicholas Ruddock, Contributor is a writer and physician whose novels, short stories, and poetry for adults have won multiple prizes in Canada, the UK, and Ireland. "Planet Earth" is forthcoming in November 2025. To a medical student in the 1960s, the most amazing feature of measles was not the death rate (1 in 1,000) but the paradox of its diagnosis. The child's body would soon be fevered, miserable, covered head to foot in purple-red spots. But other viral illnesses could present like that too, so we were taught to examine, with wooden tongue depressor and penlight, the soft palate, at the back of the tongue. There were the lesions that dispelled all doubt, and they were not red at all, or inflamed. They were white, tiny, looking just like multiple grains of salt. Koplik Spots, they were called, after an observant American doctor. 'Go home,' was all we could say, 'there is nothing to be done, soon the full-blown rash will appear, and your brothers and sisters will catch it too.' Vaccination for measles in Ontario began in 1970. By 1998, all deaths and morbidity from it had vanished. But this year, south of London, Ontario, 2,500 cases burned through the community, fuelled by vaccine hesitancy. In the province, one death.