Hymn of Babylon pieced together using AI after 2,100 years
Set at the dawn of creation, the hymn to the god Marduk described a verdant paradise of flowering meadows nourished by the River Euphrates, a sacred metropolis with jewelled gates 'flourishing in her charms like a garden of fruit'.
This lost classic of Mesopotamian literature has now largely been reconstructed by scholars, who used artificial intelligence to piece together fragments of 30 ancient clay tablets.
The hymn's origins are obscure but a fleeting reference to tolerance for foreign exiles suggests it may have been written before the 13th century BC. That would put it a little before the Trojan war and about the same time as the youngest parts of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the oldest long poem known to modernity.
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Daily Mail
5 days ago
- Daily Mail
Baffled construction workers discover a 1,000-year-old Peruvian mummy in a hidden tomb beneath the capital
Construction workers have been baffled to discover an ancient mummy buried in a hidden tomb beneath the streets of Peru's capital, Lima. While expanding the city's gas network, utility workers accidentally unearthed two previously undiscovered tombs. One of the burial structures was empty, but the other contained the remains of an individual believed to be over 1,000 years old. Archaeologists say that this individual may come from a civilisation which predates the Incan Empire, which ruled over Peru until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. The solitary figure was found wrapped in a torn bundle in a sitting position, with their legs tightly pressed against their chest. The archaeologists continue to clean the remains, but, for now, the identity of this Peruvian mummy remains a mystery. Alongside the individual, archaeologists also found four clay vessels and three pumpkin shell artefacts. Archaeologist José Aliaga told Reuters: 'The material evidence suggests that it could be a burial of the Chancay culture, from approximately 1,000 to 1,200 years ago.' Prior to the rise of the mighty Incan Empire, the part of Peru which makes up modern-day Lima was home to the Chancay people. The Chancay were a relatively small regional power that existed between 1,000 and 1,470 years ago. Most of what we know about the Chancay comes from their distinctive pottery, which often included drinking vessels with human faces or small dolls placed in tombs. One of these anthropomorphic vessels was found in the tomb alongside the remains of the unknown mummy. Mr Aliaga says that the presence of such rich pottery in this tomb likely points to the existence of a larger burial complex. 'We are probably over a pre-Hispanic cemetery, as we found another burial just around the corner from here,' Mr Aliaga said. This discovery was particularly unusual since it was found directly below a busy city street, just 6.6 feet (two metres) from a resident's front gate. However, this is far from the first time that archaeological sites have been discovered beneath Lima. The project's lead archaeologist says this is likely part of a larger burial complex hidden beneath the city The Cajamarquilla archaeological site Cajamarquilla is an archaeological site some 16 miles from the coast of Lima. It was first settled by the Huari around 400–600 AD, but went on to be appropriated by later peoples including both the Ychma and Inca. The city sports blocks of mud–brick housing and pyramids that are thought to have been built for Huari warriors. Sadly, the site has been poorly treated despite official recognition — with a quarter having been destroyed and the rest threatened by urban spread. The first inhabitants to settle around Lima were the fishermen and hunters who developed agriculture in the region around 10,000 years ago. This means the city is densely packed with the remains of pre-Incan, Inca, and Spanish settlements. Archaeological sites are so common that most construction companies working underground hire archaeologists. Cálidda, the company that distributes natural gas in Lima and found these remains, says it has already made more than 2,200 discoveries. Mr Aliaga says: 'Lima is unique among Latin American capitals in that various archaeological finds are unearthed during nearly every civil project.' Pieter Van Dalen, dean of the College of Archaeologists of Peru, who was not involved in the discovery, says: 'It is very common to find archaeological remains on the Peruvian coast, including Lima, mainly funerary elements: tombs, burials, and, among these, mummified individuals.' At the dig site of Cajamarquilla, a site just east of Lima, archaeologists have discovered many mummies - including several which could have been victims of human sacrifice. Researchers found six mummified children found in a grave, believed to have been sacrificed to accompany a dead nobleman to the afterlife 1,200 years ago. The mummified children were uncovered in the grave of an important man — possibly a political figure — who was aged between 35 and 40 at the time of his death The tiny skeletons, wrapped tightly in cloth, were found in the grave of an important man — possibly a political figure — believed to have been aged between 35 and 40 at the time of his death. Archaeologists say that the pre-Inca civilisations did not see death as the end but, rather, a transition to a different stage. The souls of the dead were believed to become protectors, so these children may have been killed to accompany the nobleman into the afterlife. The perceived nobleman was entombed in the foetal position with his hands covering his face, and tied up with a rope. At the same site, archaeologists also found another mummy which had been completely bound in the same manner. According to the researchers, the mummy dates back 1,200-800 years and belonged to the pre-Inca civilisation that developed between the Peruvian coast and mountains. Archaeologists believe that this unusual arrangement may have been part of a unique local funeral tradition. Child sacrifice seems to have been a relatively common occurrence in the cultures of ancient Peru, including the pre-Incan Sican, or Lambayeque culture and the Chimu people who followed them, as well as the Inca themselves. Among the finds revealing this ritual behaviour are the mummified remains of a child's body, discovered in 1985 by a group of mountaineers. The remains were uncovered at around 17,388ft (5,300 metres) on the southwestern ridge of Cerro Aconcagua mountain in the Argentinean province of Mendoza. The boy is thought to have been a victim of an Inca ritual called capacocha, where children of great beauty and health were sacrificed by drugging them and taking them into the mountains to freeze to death. Ruins of a sanctuary used by the Inca to sacrifice children to their gods was discovered by archaeologists in at a coastal ruin complex in Peru in 2016. Experts digging at Chotuna-Chornancap, in north Lima, discovered 17 graves dating to at least the 15th century. This included the graves of six children placed side by side in pairs of shallow graves. Capacocha was a ritual that most often took place upon the death of an Inca king. The local lords were required to select unblemished children representing the ideal of human perfection. Children were married and presented with sets of miniature human and llama figurines in gold, silver, copper and shell. The male figures have elongated earlobes and a braided headband and the female figurines wore their hair in plaits. The children were then returned to their original communities, where they were honoured before being sacrificed to the mountain gods on the Llullaillaco Volcano. The phrase Capacocha has been translated to mean 'solemn sacrifice' or 'royal obligation.' The rationale for this type of sacrificial rite has typically been understood as commemorating important life events of the Incan emperor, to send them to be with the deities upon their death, to stop natural disasters, to encourage crop growth or for religious ceremonies.
BBC News
17-07-2025
- BBC News
Assessing Syria airstrike damage and investigating Iraq fire
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BBC News
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- BBC News
Iraq: Shopping centre fire leaves multiple dead
A fire that tore through a shopping centre in the Iraqi city of Kut has left dozens dead and injured, state media has blaze at the mall, which had reportedly opened five days ago, broke out on Wednesday night and has since been brought under control."The number of victims has reached about 50 people," Wasit province governor Mohammed al-Miyahi told Iraqi news agency of the victims in the fire were women and children, he said, adding that legal action would be brought against the shopping centre's owner. Videos on INA's news channel show flames ripping through several floors of a multi-storey building as firefighters try to douse clips circulating on social media appear to show a small number of people on the roof during the fire, as well as the burned out insides of the story is being updated. This breaking news story is being updated and more details will be published shortly. Please refresh the page for the fullest can receive Breaking News on a smartphone or tablet via the BBC News App. You can also follow @BBCBreaking on X to get the latest alerts.
