Airlines demand answers after air traffic control failure
NATS, which has apologised, said it had taken 20 minutes to resolve the issue by switching to a back-up system.
It resulted in more than 150 flights being cancelled and thousands more being grounded on Wednesday.
EasyJet said the error was "extremely disappointing" while one of Ryanair's bosses called for NATS chief executive Martin Rolfe to resign.
According to NATS, the issue was "radar-related" and it reduced flight traffic to ensure safety. It added there was no evidence the incident had been cyber-related.
The government said it was "working closely" with NATS to understand what had gone wrong.
Ryanair executive Neal McMahon said it was "outrageous that passengers were once again being hit with delays and disruption due to Martin Rolfe's continued mismanagement" of NATS.
Referring to a previous incident two years ago, Mr McMahon said it was clear "no lessons" had been learnt and passengers continued to "suffer" as a result of Mr Rolfe's "incompetence".
In August 2023, more than 700,000 passengers were affected by the cancellation of more than 500 flights at the UK's busiest airports due to a major outage.
EasyJet's chief operating officer, David Morgan, said: "It's extremely disappointing to see an ATC failure once again causing disruption to our customers at this busy and important time of year for travel."
"We will want to understand from NATS what steps they are taking to ensure issues don't continue," he added.
What are my rights if my flight is cancelled or delayed?
Frustrated passengers
"I'm feeling pretty angry," said Sarah McPherson whose son was meant to compete with England's under 15 boys international touch rugby team in Ireland. "He is so very disappointed and at this stage we don't know if there will be another flight," she added.
Jonathan Carr from Stourbridge was trying to get to Norway for his brother's wedding. He told the BBC it was "stressful" that his flight was cancelled but he hoped to arrive in Bodø late on Thursday.
"It's really frustrating," said Julia Lo Bue-Said chief executive of Advantage Travel Partnership. "We need to ensure there's sufficient resilience built into critical infrastructure that doesn't impact businesses, that doesn't impact travellers."
According to flight data firm Cirium, 84 departures and 71 arrivals were cancelled across all UK airports. That equates to 3% of all departures and 2% of all arrivals.
In addition a number of flights had to be diverted to European airports, it said.
Cirium does not attribute causes for cancellations, so some may not have been due to the air traffic outage.
Flight disruption after major UK air traffic outage
Air traffic shutdown sparks NATS homeworking change
How a four-hour fault triggered three days of air chaos
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