National Civil Services Day 2025: Key moments in the evolution of India's Civil Services that UPSC aspirants must know
( Relevance: UPSC can ask questions on this topic, especially from a historical point of view. Also, from the perspective of current affairs, it is very relevant for the Ethics and Essay papers where aspirants can cite examples. Moreover, Civil Services Day is closely linked to aspirants' future professions. Therefore, understanding the history and spirit of civil services goes beyond academics. Historical context adds to your knowledge and pride for the service you aim for.)
Why in the news?
Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi addressed the Nation's Civil Servants on 17th Civil Services Day 2025 on April 21, 2025. On this occasion, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi conferred the Prime Minister's Awards for Excellence in Public Administration on 17th Civil Services Day 2025. PM Modi said the policies that his government is working on are going to shape the future of the next 1,000 years. At an event in the Capital, he said the holistic development of India means no village, no family and no citizen is left behind. 'The policies we are working on today and the decisions we are making are going to shape the future of the next 1,000 years,' he said.
Key Takeaways :
1. Every year on April 21, the Government of India commemorates National Civil Services Day to acknowledge and celebrate the exceptional efforts of our civil servants engaged in public service, the backbone of the nation's administration, as they devote themselves to the cause of citizens. On this day, the Prime Minister of India honours civil service officers with the PM Awards for Excellence in Public Administration in recognition of their outstanding service and contributions.
2. This national observance was first marked on April 21, 2006. The day's history can be traced back to the time when the first Home Minister of Independent India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, addressed the probationers of Administrative Services Officers at Metcalf House in Delhi, referring to the civil servants as the 'steel frame of India' on April 21, 1947.
3. While inaugurating the newly created Indian Administrative Service, Patel said, ' The days when the foreigners could be masters are over, and the officers must be guided by the real spirit of service in their day-to-day administration, for in no other manner can they be fit in the scheme of things.'
4. Patel also exhorted the civil servants to cultivate an esprit de corps. It means to have a shared feeling of pride among team or group members, and without it, 'a Service as such has little meaning.' 'A civil servant should regard it as a proud privilege to belong to the Service, covenants of which you will sign, and to uphold throughout your service its dignity, integrity and incorruptibility,' he added.
— Lord Cornwallis is considered as 'Father of Civil Services in India.
— Until the mid-19th century, Directors of the East India Company nominated youth for civil service. The Covenanted Civil Service formed the European elite of Indian administration.
— Lord Wellesley founded the College of Fort William in Calcutta in 1800 to educate young recruits for the Civil Services,
— Charter Act of 1853 abolished the patronage system and introduced open competitive examinations.
— Reformers like Sir Charles Trevelyan and Robert Lowe supported competitive exams as a way to select candidates with character and ability.
—Macaulay Committee (1855) recommendations: Lord Macaulay's Report introduced a merit-based civil service.
• Civil servants should be university graduates (preferably from Oxford or Cambridge).
• Emphasis placed on general academic education, not vocational or legal training.
• Recommended replacing the patronage system with competitive examinations.
• A Civil Service Commission was established in London (1854).
• Age limit: Minimum 18 years, Maximum 25 years. Syllabus was heavily focused on European Classics, disadvantaging Indian aspirants.
— Despite efforts, simultaneous exams in India were denied for decades. British reluctance aimed at limiting Indian success in ICS.
— Due to Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, simultaneous exams were approved.
— From 1922, ICS exams began in India (initially in Allahabad, later Delhi).
— The Federal Public Service Commission was set up.
— Exams in London continued alongside.
— 1876: Covenanted Civil Service was restructured into Executive and Judicial branches to enhance justice delivery. Judicial training made compulsory for those aspiring to be District Judges. Deputy Collectors were appointed by District Collectors in consultation with the Board of Revenue, without competitive exams.
— The Aitchison Commission, formed in 1886 aimed to enhance Indian participation in public services. It recommended the abolition of the Statutory Civil Service, classification of services into Imperial, Provincial, and Subordinate categories. It also recommended capping the civil service entry age at 23 years. The commission also advised discontinuing simultaneous examinations in England and India.
— The Islington Commission's report (1917): It recommended that 25 percent of the higher government posts should go to Indians. However, this report became a dead letter in 1918, when the Montagu-Chelmsford Report proposed Indian appointments to one-third of the posts.
— 1918: 50 Indians were nominated to the Indian Civil Service by the Secretary of State.
— In 1923, a Royal Commission on Superior Civil Service in India under the chairmanship of Lord Lee was appointed. The purpose was to consider the ethnic composition of the superior Indian public services of the government of India. The Commission recommended the division of main services into three classes.
All India Services
Central Services
Provincial Services
— Government of India Act 1935 established the Federal Public Service Commission. Through Public Service Commission for each of the provinces, provisional autonomy was introduced.
Post-Independence Developments
— 1947: After transfer of power, the Indian Civil Service was replaced by the Indian Administrative Service (IAS).
Imperial Police Service
Superior police officers formed part of the Imperial Police.
First open competition in 1893 in England; top 10 became probationary ASPs.
Indians allowed entry post-1920.
Exams held in both India and England from 1921.
Indianisation was slow, despite Islington and Lee Commissions.
Till 1931, Indians filled only 20% of SP posts.
Post-1939, more Indians were recruited due to lack of suitable European candidates.
Imperial Forest Service
Imperial Forest Department established in 1864.
Imperial Forest Service (IFS) constituted in 1867.
Officers trained in France and Germany (1867–1885), then Coopers Hill, London till 1905.
From 1920, recruitment held in both India and England, and by promotion from provincial services.
Post-independence, the Indian Forest Service (IFS) was created in 1966 under All India Services Act, 1951.
Post Read Question
Which of the following Commissions in the colonial era recommended the abolition of the Statutory Civil Service and classification of services into Imperial, Provincial, and Subordinate categories?
(a) The Aitchison Commission
(b) The Islington Commission
(c) Royal Commission on Superior Civil Service in India
(d) None of the above
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