Parkinson's disease: Causes, symptoms, and what to eat or avoid for better management
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that occurs when nerve cells in the brain's basal ganglia become damaged or die, leading to reduced dopamine production.
Dopamine is a key chemical that helps regulate smooth and coordinated movement. As levels drop, symptoms like tremors, muscle stiffness, slow movements, and balance problems begin to appear. But Parkinson's affects more than just mobility—it can also impact mood, memory, digestion, and sleep.
The condition typically develops around age 60, though early-onset cases can occur, especially in those with a family history. Men are slightly more at risk than women. Affecting nearly 1% of people over 60 worldwide, Parkinson's is the
second
most common age-related neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's.
While there's no cure, early diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and proper symptom management can help people maintain independence and improve quality of life.
Causes of Parkinson's disease
While the exact cause of Parkinson's disease remains unknown, researchers believe it results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and possibly viral factors. The condition is marked by the loss of nerve cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra, which leads to a drop in dopamine—a chemical messenger crucial for coordinating movement.
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Low levels of norepinephrine, a related neurotransmitter involved in blood pressure and alertness, have also been linked to the disease.
According to a
study
, Parkinson's is the presence of Lewy bodies, clumps of abnormal proteins (alpha-synuclein) found in the brains of people with the condition. Although their role is not fully understood, these protein deposits may interfere with normal brain function and contribute to the progression of symptoms.
In addition to biological changes, certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing Parkinson's:
Sex: Men are about 1.5 times more likely to develop Parkinson's than women.
Race:
Studies
show that white individuals have a higher prevalence compared to Black or Asian populations, possibly due to genetic and environmental influences.
Age: Parkinson's most commonly develops between the ages of 50 and 60. Cases under the age of 40 are rare, making up about 4% of total diagnoses.
Family history: Having a close relative with Parkinson's increases your risk, suggesting a genetic link in some cases.
Toxin exposure: Prolonged exposure to pesticides, herbicides, or other environmental toxins may raise the risk of developing the disease.
Head injuries: Traumatic brain injuries have also been associated with a higher risk of Parkinson's later in life.
Symptoms of Parkinson
's disease
Parkinson's disease often develops slowly, with early signs appearing years before noticeable movement issues. These early
symptoms
, like reduced sense of smell, constipation, small handwriting, a softer voice, or stooped posture, can be subtle but important to catch early.
Main motor symptoms
As Parkinson's progresses, four key movement-related symptoms usually emerge:
Tremors: Shaking in hands or fingers, especially at rest
Bradykinesia: Slower movements and walking
Muscle stiffness: Tightness in arms, legs, or trunk
Balance issues: Unsteadiness and risk of falls
Other signs may include a blank facial expression, reduced blinking, a soft voice, 'freezing' while walking, or shuffling steps.
Non-motor symptoms
Beyond movement, Parkinson's can affect sleep, mood, memory, and the skin. Common non-motor symptoms include:
Sleep problems: Vivid dreams or movement during sleep
Depression and anxiety
Cognitive issues: Trouble focusing or remembering
Skin issues, like seborrheic dermatitis or increased melanoma risk
Hallucinations or psychosis: Especially in later stages
Because symptoms are varied and can seem unrelated, diagnosis is often delayed. If you notice several of these signs, consult a neurologist for evaluation and early management.
Parkinson's disease: What to eat and avoid for better symptom management
Source: Wikipedia
While Parkinson's disease has no cure, emerging research shows that diet can play a supportive role in managing symptoms and slowing disease progression. According to
research
, research, nearly 1 million people affected in the U.S.,
and symptoms like tremors, stiffness, and muscle cramps vary widely.
Research
suggests, alongside medication, a balanced, nutrient-rich diet may improve treatment effectiveness, reduce side effects, and protect brain health.
Certain foods can also support dopamine production, ease constipation, fight fatigue, and reduce inflammation. Though diet isn't a cure, it can significantly enhance quality of life and daily functioning for people living with Parkinson's.
Best foods for Parkinson's disease: What to eat to support brain and nerve health
Antioxidant-rich foods
Antioxidants fight oxidative stress, a key factor in the decline of nerve function in Parkinson's disease. Including colourful fruits and vegetables in your diet can help protect the brain. Berries, leafy greens, tomatoes, nuts, and nightshades like eggplant are rich sources of antioxidants and should be eaten regularly for their neuroprotective benefits.
Omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-3s are healthy fats known for their anti-inflammatory properties.
Found in fatty fish like salmon and sardines, as well as flaxseeds and soybeans, these nutrients may support the health of dopamine-producing neurons. A study published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience found that omega-3s could help reduce inflammation and protect brain cells from damage.
Nutrient-dense foods
People with Parkinson's are more prone to deficiencies in key nutrients like vitamin D, calcium, iron, and vitamin B1 (thiamine).
These are important for energy, bone strength, and cognitive health. To prevent deficiencies, include foods like fortified dairy, tofu, whole grains, lentils, spinach, and eggs in your daily meals.
Foods to avoid or limit with Parkinson's disease for better symptom control
Saturated fats
High intake of saturated fats may increase inflammation and is linked to a higher risk of Parkinson's, according to a 2022 review published in Nutrients. Foods like red meat, butter, cheese, palm oil, and fried items should be consumed in moderation, as they may negatively affect brain and heart health.
Ultra-processed foods
Packaged snacks, sugary drinks (including diet sodas), and canned meals are often low in nutrients and high in additives. Research suggests that ultra-processed foods may impair gut health and accelerate the progression of Parkinson's symptoms. Limiting these items can help maintain better digestive and neurological function.
Hard-to-chew or swallow foods
As Parkinson's progresses, many people experience difficulty with chewing and swallowing.
Avoiding tough, dry, or hard foods becomes essential. Instead, opt for softer textures like stewed vegetables, smoothies, and soups. In later stages, working with a speech or swallowing therapist can help tailor safe and nutritious food choices.
By focusing on antioxidant-rich produce, healthy fats, and essential vitamins, while limiting saturated fats and processed foods, individuals with Parkinson's can support their health and manage symptoms more effectively. Always consult a healthcare provider or dietitian before making major dietary changes, especially when managing a neurological condition.
Also Read:
5 everyday foods you should never feed your child, according to science
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