India Inc's rare earth magnet dependence

Time of India

a day ago

Not just automotive, which is using
rare earth magnets
for EVs aggressively, renewable energy, consumer electronics, and defense sectors are also in need of these products. India expects the government to clarify the uncertainties regarding the shortage of rare earth magnets, as the industry is struggling to manage alternative solutions. Here is my view on India vs. China debate and India's growing dependence on rare earth magnets, its risks and solutions.
The world is once again learning that the materials of the future come with geopolitical strings attached. India, aspiring to be a global manufacturing hub and a clean-tech leader, finds itself hobbled by a shortage of rare earth permanent magnets, a problem that threatens to derail its electric vehicle (EV) push, defence readiness, and green energy plans. At the root lies a familiar issue: overdependence on China.
China's decision in April 2025 to tighten export controls on rare earth magnets has sent tremors through Indian industry. These magnets, indispensable in EVs, wind turbines, consumer electronics and missile guidance systems, are now in short supply. Inventories are projected to run out in a matter of weeks. Automakers are already sounding alarm bells, while electronics manufacturers brace for cascading delays.
This crisis has long been in the making. China supplies around 90 per cent of India's rare earth magnets and controls a similarly dominant share of global capacity. Its grip extends not just to raw materials but to refining and high-end processing—domains in which India is dangerously underdeveloped.
Since the export curbs came into force, Indian companies have been required to seek end-use licences from Chinese authorities, a process marked by opacity and inertia. Russia, once viewed as a rising alternative, remains a fringe player. Other potential suppliers—Australia, Vietnam, and the United States—lack the capacity or speed to plug the gap.
Meanwhile, India's own magnet demand has soared. From 12,400 tonnes in FY2021, usage has quadrupled to nearly 54,000 tonnes in FY2025, according to government estimates. The spike is a direct consequence of policy initiatives that promote green mobility, solar and wind capacity, and
Make-in-India electronics
. But infrastructure without inputs is futile.
Mining time lost
There are signs of action. The government has begun diplomatic engagement with Beijing in an effort to expedite clearances. More importantly, it is considering amendments to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act to ease exploration of rare earths. Public-sector enterprise Indian Rare Earths Ltd has commenced work on a small-scale magnet plant, and broader production initiatives are under review.
But this is reactive policymaking, not foresight. The processing and manufacturing of magnets requires not just raw materials but deep technical capabilities, years of investment, and robust supply chains. India is at least a decade behind where it needs to be.
States like Andhra Pradesh and Odisha hold monazite-rich beach sands that could be tapped for rare earths, but red tape and regulatory inertia have kept them underexploited. Refining capacity—capital-intensive and environmentally sensitive—remains virtually non-existent. Without it, India will remain a shipper of ores and an importer of value-added goods.
A rare opportunity in rare earths
The current crunch ought to be treated not merely as a supply hiccup, but as a strategic wake-up call. India's vision of self-reliance must extend beyond finished goods to the materials that make those goods possible. This calls for nothing short of a rare earth industrial policy. The stakeholders seem to have understood the magnitude of the issue and are moving swiftly.
The government is working on a production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme specifically for rare earth magnet manufacturing, offering tax incentives, bonuses based on output, and a simplified regulatory framework to support domestic mining and processing of rare earths like neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium.
Public sector enterprises such as Indian Rare Earths Ltd have been asked to expand capacity, while private players—Sona Comstar, Uno Minda, and Mahindra & Mahindra among them—are exploring pilot projects to build magnet manufacturing facilities.
India is also diversifying import sources, accelerating trade and mining partnerships with countries like Australia, Vietnam, and the United States to reduce dependence on China. Meanwhile, several public–private partnerships are in motion to create rare earth magnet recycling hubs to reclaim materials from used motors, while startups and research institutions are working on magnet-free electric motor technologies and ferrite-based alternatives.
With these initiatives gaining traction, the Indian government expects to begin commercial production of rare earth magnets by late 2025, with an eye on scaling to global relevance by 2030. The transition marks not just a supply-side correction, but a long-term industrial strategy to secure India's position in critical green and strategic technologies.
Ultimately, what India faces is not a commodity shortage, but a strategic constraint. As it builds its industrial future, it must ensure that core materials are not hostage to geopolitical volatility. The rare earth crisis of 2025 is both a cautionary tale and a call to action. India would do well to heed it—and place magnets, literally and figuratively, at the centre of its economic strategy.