One of 1st real-world data sets shows how tropical marine life cope with acidifying seas
Published on: Sun, Jul 27, 2025 Text Size: ARMS (Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures) are stacked PVC plates that mimic the complex reef structures for marine organisms to colonise, which helps to monitor marine biodiversity of seabed at MERC, Gaya Island, over time. DRIVEN by climate change, oceans are absorbing more heat and carbon dioxide, causing a triple threat: warming waters, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation – a condition increasingly observed in coastal areas of Malaysia and across the tropics. In layman's terms: the oceans is getting Hotter, Sour and Breathless. The OA (Ocean Acidification) station at Merc (Marine Ecosystem Research Centre), launched on 1 February 2023, is pioneering long-term monitoring of reef changes linked to acidification. It fills a critical data gap in Southeast Asia and aligns with global efforts under the UN Decade of Ocean Science. On March 27, 2023, Merc was recognised by the Malaysia Book of Records a s the first OA monitoring station for South China Sea. Researchers have deployed Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) and Calcification Accretion Units (CAUs). These devices mimic reef habitats and passively collect sessile (attached to or fixed in one place) and mobile invertebrates, allowing scientists to assess biodiversity changes over time without disturbing the environment. Using innovative tools like ARMS and CAUs, researchers are tracking not only corals but also hidden reef dwellers, including sponges, molluscs, bryozoans, and mobile invertebrates, which are essential for a healthy reef ecosystem. The ARMS and CAUs deployed by Centre For Marine & Coastal Studies (Cemacs), Universiti Sains Malaysia in 2023 (led by Prof. Dato' Dr Aileen Tan) two sets each (ARMS & CAUs) were retrieved on 17 July 2025 – 2.5 years after deployment, offering valuable insights into how marine communities have responded to ongoing acidification, warming, and other stressors over a multi-year period. This long-term monitoring is rare in the region and will provide one of the first real-world data sets on how tropical marine life is coping with acidifying seas. The retrieval process involves carefully collecting each structure to analyse colonised organisms, from tiny snails and worms to sessile sponges and bryozoans. This long-term observation is crucial for detecting early signs of biodiversity shifts linked to ocean acidification, particularly among calcifying species such as barnacles, polychaetes, and jewel box clams (Chama spp.). The project examines both mobile organisms (e.g. crabs, worms, shrimp) and sessile organisms (e.g. sponges, bryozoans, Chama bivalves). These often-overlooked species are crucial to reef function and can serve as early indicators of environmental stress. This research could reveal which reef organisms are winners and losers in a changing ocean. Many species found in ARMS are cryptic, meaning they look identical but are genetically distinct. This includes encrusting sponges and bryozoans that blend into the reef structure. DNA barcoding helps researchers detect this hidden biodiversity. The ARMS deployed at Pulau Gaya, Sabah, reveal a distinctly different assemblage of marine organisms compared to those found in the Straits of Malacca. This variation likely reflects the broader biogeographic transition between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Sabah lies within the Coral Triangle and is influenced by Pacific biodiversity, while the Straits of Malacca are more closely aligned with Indian Ocean faunal patterns. The macro-invertebrate community observed here is noticeably different from what we typically see in the Straits of Malacca, featuring species like crinoids, cemented bivalves (Chama sp.), and various types of brittle stars. However, when it comes to cryptic species such as bryozoans and sponges, it is still difficult to distinguish them at this stage. We hope that the upcoming eDNA analysis will provide better resolution and help clarify their diversity. Succession has started with the presence of Chama sp. (Overall, the ARMS looks like already entering later successional phases because of the presence of Chama which is a slow-growing species). Mercs plans to gradually retrieve remaining ARMS units over the next 2.5 years, creating a multi-year time series to understand trends in biodiversity and calcification under changing ocean conditions. Ongoing monitoring is essential to capture the full picture of ocean acidification's impacts, especially as marine conditions continue to shift. Each ARMS unit is like a time capsule of biodiversity, helping researchers track slow but significant changes in the marine ecosystem. Various organisms found on ARMS: Brittle star
Chama bivalve (Jewel box clam)
Six-legged starfish
Crustacean larvae (not identified)
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Daily Express
2 days ago
- Daily Express
One of 1st real-world data sets shows how tropical marine life cope with acidifying seas
Published on: Sunday, July 27, 2025 Published on: Sun, Jul 27, 2025 Text Size: ARMS (Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures) are stacked PVC plates that mimic the complex reef structures for marine organisms to colonise, which helps to monitor marine biodiversity of seabed at MERC, Gaya Island, over time. DRIVEN by climate change, oceans are absorbing more heat and carbon dioxide, causing a triple threat: warming waters, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation – a condition increasingly observed in coastal areas of Malaysia and across the tropics. In layman's terms: the oceans is getting Hotter, Sour and Breathless. The OA (Ocean Acidification) station at Merc (Marine Ecosystem Research Centre), launched on 1 February 2023, is pioneering long-term monitoring of reef changes linked to acidification. It fills a critical data gap in Southeast Asia and aligns with global efforts under the UN Decade of Ocean Science. On March 27, 2023, Merc was recognised by the Malaysia Book of Records a s the first OA monitoring station for South China Sea. Researchers have deployed Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) and Calcification Accretion Units (CAUs). These devices mimic reef habitats and passively collect sessile (attached to or fixed in one place) and mobile invertebrates, allowing scientists to assess biodiversity changes over time without disturbing the environment. Using innovative tools like ARMS and CAUs, researchers are tracking not only corals but also hidden reef dwellers, including sponges, molluscs, bryozoans, and mobile invertebrates, which are essential for a healthy reef ecosystem. The ARMS and CAUs deployed by Centre For Marine & Coastal Studies (Cemacs), Universiti Sains Malaysia in 2023 (led by Prof. Dato' Dr Aileen Tan) two sets each (ARMS & CAUs) were retrieved on 17 July 2025 – 2.5 years after deployment, offering valuable insights into how marine communities have responded to ongoing acidification, warming, and other stressors over a multi-year period. This long-term monitoring is rare in the region and will provide one of the first real-world data sets on how tropical marine life is coping with acidifying seas. The retrieval process involves carefully collecting each structure to analyse colonised organisms, from tiny snails and worms to sessile sponges and bryozoans. This long-term observation is crucial for detecting early signs of biodiversity shifts linked to ocean acidification, particularly among calcifying species such as barnacles, polychaetes, and jewel box clams (Chama spp.). The project examines both mobile organisms (e.g. crabs, worms, shrimp) and sessile organisms (e.g. sponges, bryozoans, Chama bivalves). These often-overlooked species are crucial to reef function and can serve as early indicators of environmental stress. This research could reveal which reef organisms are winners and losers in a changing ocean. Many species found in ARMS are cryptic, meaning they look identical but are genetically distinct. This includes encrusting sponges and bryozoans that blend into the reef structure. DNA barcoding helps researchers detect this hidden biodiversity. The ARMS deployed at Pulau Gaya, Sabah, reveal a distinctly different assemblage of marine organisms compared to those found in the Straits of Malacca. This variation likely reflects the broader biogeographic transition between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Sabah lies within the Coral Triangle and is influenced by Pacific biodiversity, while the Straits of Malacca are more closely aligned with Indian Ocean faunal patterns. The macro-invertebrate community observed here is noticeably different from what we typically see in the Straits of Malacca, featuring species like crinoids, cemented bivalves (Chama sp.), and various types of brittle stars. However, when it comes to cryptic species such as bryozoans and sponges, it is still difficult to distinguish them at this stage. We hope that the upcoming eDNA analysis will provide better resolution and help clarify their diversity. Succession has started with the presence of Chama sp. (Overall, the ARMS looks like already entering later successional phases because of the presence of Chama which is a slow-growing species). Mercs plans to gradually retrieve remaining ARMS units over the next 2.5 years, creating a multi-year time series to understand trends in biodiversity and calcification under changing ocean conditions. Ongoing monitoring is essential to capture the full picture of ocean acidification's impacts, especially as marine conditions continue to shift. Each ARMS unit is like a time capsule of biodiversity, helping researchers track slow but significant changes in the marine ecosystem. Various organisms found on ARMS: Brittle star Chama bivalve (Jewel box clam) Six-legged starfish Crustacean larvae (not identified)
Daily Express
2 days ago
- Daily Express
What a rare ocean acidification study in Sabah found so far
Published on: Sunday, July 27, 2025 Published on: Sun, Jul 27, 2025 Text Size: PVC plates of ARMS structures showing what are growing on them after two years being deployed at Marine Ecology Research Centre, Gaya Island, sea bed since February 2023. EARLY results from a rare and historic long-term ocean acidification study in Marine Ecology Research Centre, Gaya Island, started in February 2023, found 'a healthy and diverse macro invertebrate community… with no visible signs of shell thinning or reduced calcified biomass' but cautioned that these are only short term indications. Most marine biologists believe ocean acidification is real and ongoing. Ocean acidification refers to an ongoing decrease in seawater pH which doesn't mean seawater is already acidic. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of ocean surface is said to have dropped from 8.15 to 8.05, still alkaline but the concern is long term, when it is predicted to drop to 7.7 by the end of this century. Below pH7, the word is acidic. Prof Dr Aileen Tan, a top award winning Malaysian marine biologist, Director of the Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (Cemacs), Universiti Sains Malaysia, is waging a battle to help people grasp the triple threats from his ongoing menace :: Oceans getting Hotter, Sour, Breathless 'The oceans are getting Hotter, Sour and Breathless !' she keeps explaining the complex phenomenon in simple words to widen public understanding and recognise this is a major threat to marine ecosystem and biodiversity held to have far reaching consequences on ocean health and all life that inhabit it. Keen to discover how Ocean Acidification may have threatened Sabah waters too, in early February 2023, Prof Aileen Tan led Cemacs under her into a joint agreement with Marine Ecology Research Centre (MERC) to set up the first ever ocean acidification monitoring station in the South China Sea, at Gayana Marine Resort, enjoying close rapport with aquatic biologist Alvin Wong, MERC's Project Director, and Gillian Tan, owner representative of Echo Resorts which owns Gayana Marine Resort. By 28 Feb 2023, key standard research tools such as a sensor that continuously monitor sea water temperature and acidity, Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures or stacked PVC plates for marine organisms to colonise designed to monitor biodiversity and thirdly, CAUs (Calsification Accretion Units) deployed to measure calcium carbonate accretion which helps to assess impacts of environmental changes, were fully installed and commissioned. Tools such as Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) and Calcification Accretion Units (CAUs) are increasingly important in this regard. On 17 July 2025, ie two months and five months later, two sets of CAUs and two sets of ARMS each were successfully retrieved and brought back to Cemacs for preliminary analysis, according to Prof Aileen Tan. Prof Tan kindly furnished the preliminary findings to Daily Express, through Alvin Wong. Early ARMS data: No visible signs of shell thinning 'Early ARMS data from Pulau Gaya, Sabah, indicate a healthy and diverse macro-invertebrate community, including sensitive calcifying taxa such as Chama, crinoids, and brittle stars. No visible signs of shell thinning or reduced calcified biomass have been detected, suggesting that OA stress may not yet have reached ecologically significant thresholds in this area. However, ocean acidification is a cumulative stressor and may interact with warming seas and nutrient inputs to undermine coral and invertebrate resilience over time. While visible reef health in Sabah may still appear stable, structural changes in coral skeletons and shell-forming species may already be underway. A long-term coral core study in the northern South China Sea has shown a decline in Porites skeletal density and calcification rates over the past four decades, despite stable vertical growth – an early sign of OA's silent but lasting impact (Yue et al., 2021). This underscores the need for proactive monitoring. Building an early warning system By combining ARMS, CAUs, and environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis, researchers are building an early-warning system capable of detecting ecological shifts before they become visibly apparent, helping safeguard Sabah's reefs against the advancing effects of ocean acidification. From CAU plates: There is clear evidence of calcifying organism settlement, including small corals, tube worms, bivalves & patches of coralline algae. Some plates show relatively dense colonization, particularly by encrusting taxa, while others exhibit patchier @ more selective settlement patterns. The presence of early coral recruits is a positive indication of larval availability & settlement potential in the area. The overall diversity appears moderate, with both hard & soft encrustations visible,' Prof Aileen Tan concluded. However, she reminded these are just 'short term biological responses'. 'Ocean acidification (OA) is occurring in the South China Sea but a moderate and regionally variable rate.' 'In many cases, its effects remain subtle or masked by complex local environmental conditions, making it difficult to detect clear short term biological responses without long term fine-scale monitoring.' Editor's note: The facts in these Special Reports are contributed by Prof Dato' Dr Aileen Tan Shau Hwai, a prominent figure in marine science, Director of Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia. As recent as June 30 this year, she was awarded the prestigious Unesco Anton Bruun Medal for her significant contribution to marine science.
The Star
15-07-2025
- The Star
Working to clean up the bottom of the ocean
KOTA KINABALU: Pitch black, cold, silent. The bottom of the ocean, where sunlight does not reach, where weird and unusual sea creatures dwell is now home to something else - trash from above, forcing both dead and living things to co-exist. There are metals, scraps, plastics, and many other rubbish that are discarded from land, which along the way become accidental food that eventually kills marine creatures. Degradation of this rubbish takes up to hundreds of years, but still, they can turn into micro-plastics and micro-metals that end up in our bodies when we consume water and eat, revealed Prof Datuk Dr Aileen Tan, director for the Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies. She said people only see what is above the sea, and seldom take notice of what happens underwater, but there is life beyond those cold, dark, ocean floors and it is quickly becoming landfills, threatening not only marine creatures but also humans. On the other hand, from the deep end, going further up, thousands of sea creatures thrive. Dr Abe Woo, a marine researcher with Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), said some are alien-looking, like a type of sea cucumber scientifically known as Scotoplanes or called sea pigs, and some are parasitic, like the Simenchelys parasitica. He said this during an exhibition on deep-sea creatures launched at the Marine Ecology Research Centre (MERC), Gaya Island here, Tuesday (July 15). The scientist, who is also attached to the Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies (Cemacs), said studies and education on marine biology, the impact of environmental neglect, as well as the importance of conservation, were vital in maintaining a healthy ocean ecosystem. Woo said this part of the world - the Bornean islands within the Sulu Sea, Sulawesi Sea, Java Sea, Flores Sea and Makassar straits, among others - is the centre of maximum marine biodiversity in the world. 'So if we do not protect this part of the world where it is known to have three times the marine diversity compared to other seas, then we are looking at destruction,' he said, adding that with 70% of the earth covered in water, it would spell disaster for the world. He said this exhibition, which runs until September this year, would showcase 13 deep-sea specimens, offering visitors a rare glimpse into life in the ocean's depths. This exhibition will focus on advancing research related to the Biodiversity of Marine Benthic Invertebrates, with a strong emphasis on conservation efforts. It is a collaborative initiative by Merc, Cemacs, USM and the Marine Ecology Research Centre (MERC) in partnership with Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Japanese National Museum of Nature and Science in the Conservation Initiative. Key activities will include surveying, sampling, and identifying diverse marine invertebrates found in the waters surrounding Pulau Gaya and Pulau Sepanggar. This project will be headed by Prof. Dr. Toshihiko Fujita, Head of the Department of Zoology at the Japanese National Museum of Nature and Science, as well as Prof Tan. In his opening remarks, Prof Toshihiko said this exhibition is not just to display the rare and wondrous deep-sea specimens, but a collective responsibility to protect the ocean. He said these creatures were retrieved from depths of over 2,000m around Japanese waters. 'Visitors will discover not just the beauty of the unknown, but also the challenges of life under immense pressure, cold, and darkness, and the remarkable technologies that allow us to explore these mysteries,' he said.
