
Zakaria Zubeidi: From refugee theatre kid to Palestinian resistance fighter
With the Hamas-Israel ceasefire continuing to hold, another tranche of Palestinian detainees have been released in exchange for Israeli captives.
Arguably the most high-profile figure to be included this time is Zakaria Zubeidi.
Zubeidi was the head of the Jenin branch of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, an armed group founded by Fatah during the Second Intifada in 2000.
Long a symbolic figure of the occupied West Bank's resistance against Israel, Zubeidi was jailed in 2019, breaking out in a five-day prison escape in 2021 before being recaptured.
Over the years he became iconic for his work not just as a resistance fighter but through his involvement in Jenin's Freedom Theatre, a world-famous cultural centre in the city's refugee camp.
New MEE newsletter: Jerusalem Dispatch
Sign up to get the latest insights and analysis on Israel-Palestine, alongside Turkey Unpacked and other MEE newsletters
His release will likely be welcomed by many in Palestine who have become otherwise disillusioned with other political leaders.
Life of resistance
Zubeidi was born in 1976 in Jenin refugee camp to a family who were expelled from Caesarea in what is now northwestern Israel during the Nakba in 1948.
His father became a member of Fatah, the secular Arab nationalist political party founded in 1959 with the aim of liberating historic Palestine from the Israelis.
Like most Palestinians, his experience of the Israeli occupation coloured his earliest memories.
Israel's attack on the Freedom Theatre in Jenin camp is part of a cultural genocide Read More »
In a rare interview he gave to the Sunday Times in 2006 he spoke about taking part in the First Intifada in 1987, the uprising in the West Bank and Gaza that raised the profile of the plight of Palestinians in the occupied territories.
"I had already been injured by soldiers, then I was sent to prison for six months," he said, referring to being shot in the leg for throwing stones the previous year.
"There they made me the representative of the other child prisoners and I started taking their problems to the head of the jail."
As a child, Zubeidi became involved in Jenin refugee camp's community-driven theatre projects, which involved both Palestinian and Israeli children attempting to address a range of issues including the occupation and PTSD.
The initiative was launched by Arna Mer-Khamis, an Israeli communist and rights activist whose half-Palestinian son Juliano Mer Khamis would later form the Freedom Theatre with Zubeidi in 2006.
Although a formative experience, his relationship with the Israeli volunteers involved in the camp theatre projects as a child would leave a bitter taste and colour his view of the Israel "peace camp".
In 2002, his mother was shot dead by an Israeli sniper while taking refuge in a neighbour's house in Jenin camp.
'From midnight until morning I prepare for death. I don't sleep at night. I don't sleep at all. I wait for death'
- Zakaria Zubeidi, speaking during Second Intifada
"Not one of those people who came to the camp and were our guests as part of the theatre group, fed every day by my mother, called to say they were sorry my family had died," he told the Sunday Times.
"Not one of them picked up a phone."
In 1993, Zubeidi joined the security forces of the newly created Palestinian Authority.
The body was established as part of the Oslo Accords, giving nominally devolved power to Palestinians in parts of the occupied territories.
Fatah leader and friend Yasser Arafat was elected president and Zubeidi supported the negotiations that were supposed to eventually lead to an independent Palestinian state.
By the end of the century, however, Zubeidi had become disillusioned both with Israel's willingness to agree to Palestinian demands and the nepotism and corruption that he saw as embedded in the PA.
Intifada
In 2000, the Second Intifada began and Zubeidi joined the armed resistance to Israeli occupation. The violent uprising would see thousands of Palestinians and Israelis killed over the next five years.
The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades was formed by Fatah members to fight in the Intifada, though it would split from the party officially in 2007.
It carried out numerous operations targeting Israel during the Intifada, including suicide bombings.
As head of the Jenin branch, Zubaidi would become de facto chief of security in the refugee camp and its main power broker. The Battle of Jenin in April 2002, which would come to be regarded as one of the Intifada's central events, saw dozens killed and homes razed to the ground, including Zubaidi's family home.
Israel regularly tried to assassinate Zubaidi. Meanwhile, his relationship with the PA deteriorated over his stubborn refusal to kowtow to the leadership.
"It's the journalists and television that made me a hero," he told Israeli journalists in 2005.
"Anyone who is not afraid is a liar...sometimes at night my head is about to explode with thoughts. From midnight until morning I prepare for death. I don't sleep at night. I don't sleep at all. I wait for death."
Freedom Theatre
In 2007, he was named as part of an amnesty offered by the Israeli prime minister's office, and threw his efforts into non-violent activity.
Most notably he began the Freedom Theatre, resurrecting the community-led theatre tradition he'd grown up with.
"I didn't want to become an armed resistance fighter," he later said.
Zakaria Zubeidi: The Palestinian revolutionary and artistic leader who escaped Israeli prison Read More »
"But this is what life gave me. I wanted to be an actor. I wanted to be Romeo. Now at The Freedom Theatre, others can have that chance."
His childhood friend and co-founder Mer Khamis would later be shot dead outside the theatre by gunmen in 2011. The culprits have never been found.
Despite his enthusiasm for the theatre, the ongoing occupation, disillusionment with the PA and the murder of his friends at times left Zubaidi with a sense of pessimism.
Speaking to Haaretz in 2008, he denounced Palestinian politicians as "whores" and "garbage" and despaired of the collapse of Palestinian unity.
"The Palestinian people is finished. Done for," he said.
"Hamas comes on the air on its television station and says 'Fatah is a traitor'. That is to say, 40 percent of the nation are traitors. And then Fatah does the same thing and you already have 80 percent traitors."
Prison break
In December 2011, Israel announced that his amnesty had been rescinded.
In May 2012, he was arrested by the PA, who reportedly abused him while in detention, leading him to begin a hunger strike. He was released without charge in October of that year.
After that he began working on a master's degree at Birzeit University.
His thesis was titled The Hunter and the Dragon: The Pursuit in the Palestinian Experience from 1968-2018, but his work on it was interrupted in February 2019. Zubeidi was arrested by Israel. The domestic spy agency, Shin Bet, claimed "he had shot at Israeli buses".
Zubeidi remained in jail until this week's prisoner exchange - albeit with one notable break.
Two and half years into his imprisonment - still with no trial date set - Zakaria, alongside five others, dug a tunnel out of their prison using a spoon and escaped.
In response, Palestinian workers went on strike in solidarity, while celebrations took place across occupied Palestine.
Though he was recaptured five days later, the daring escape attempt further cemented Zubeidi's heroic image in the minds of Palestinians.
Although his plans after his release from prison are still unknown, he remains one of the few Fatah-affiliated figures - along with the still-imprisoned Marwan Barghouti - who claim widespread support and respect.
Hashtags

Try Our AI Features
Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:
Comments
No comments yet...
Related Articles


The National
an hour ago
- The National
Greta Thunberg and Madleen crew face deportation from Israel after Gaza aid boat intercepted
Swedish campaigner Greta Thunberg and other activists detained on board a vessel attempting to transport aid to Gaza have been taken to a Tel Aviv airport for deportation, Israel said on Tuesday. The group departed Italy on June 1 on board the Madleen, saying they would break the Israeli siege on the enclave and deliver supplies. Israeli forces intercepted their boat in international waters on Monday and took it to the Israeli port of Ashdod. Israeli authorities described their mission as a celebrity stunt on a "selfie yacht". "The passengers of the 'Selfie Yacht' arrived at Ben Gurion Airport to depart from Israel and return to their home countries," the Israeli Foreign Ministry said on X. "Those who refuse to sign deportation documents and leave Israel will be brought before a judicial authority." The ministry added that consuls from their home countries met the activists at the airport. Organisers the Freedom Flotilla Coalition put out a statement saying the crew were being "processed and transferred into the custody of Israeli authorities". "They are expected to be moved to the Ramleh detention facility unless they agree to leave immediately, in which case they may be permitted to fly out of Tel Aviv as early as tonight," it said, calling for their immediate release. Adalah, a legal rights group representing the activists, said the boat was intercepted in international waters, where Israel has no legal jurisdiction. It said it had sent a letter to Israeli authorities demanding information on their whereabouts. "Adalah will pursue legal actions to secure the activists' safety and release," it said. Many of the crew are French. President Emmanuel Macron called for consular protection for the group and the repatriation of the French citizens. "Most of all, France calls for a ceasefire as quickly as possible and the lifting of the humanitarian blockade. This is a scandal, unacceptable, that is playing out in Gaza. What's been happening since early March is a disgrace, a disgrace," Mr Macron said. Israel has faced mounting international criticism over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, where the UN has warned the entire population faces famine. It imposed an aid blockade on the besieged enclave on March 2 and has only relaxed it in recent days. The Madleen yacht was carrying a small amount of humanitarian aid, including rice, baby formula and medical supplies, in a symbolic voyage in protest at the blockade. Crew members said they were unarmed civilians who posed no threat. The Israeli Foreign Ministry said the aid on board would be taken to Gaza. "The tiny amount of aid that was on the yacht and not consumed by the 'celebrities' will be transferred to Gaza through real humanitarian channels," it wrote. Israeli Defence Minister Israel Katz had ordered the military on Sunday to prevent the vessel from reaching Gaza, calling the mission a propaganda effort in support of Hamas. A previous yacht, Conscience, attempted the same voyage in May until it was halted by a drone strike that organisers blamed on Israel. As well as Ms Thunberg, the crew of the Madleen includes French politician Rima Hassan, who is of Palestinian descent, and other volunteers from Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Brazil and Turkey. Mr Katz said he instructed the military to show the activists videos from the October 7, 2023 attack on Israel carried out by Hamas. "It is appropriate that the anti-Semitic Greta and her fellow Hamas supporters see exactly who the Hamas terrorist organisation is they came to support and for whom they are working," he said. However, Mr Katz said that after the activists were taken to a room to view the footage, they refused to watch it. In a separate effort, hundreds of people on Monday launched a land convoy from Tunisia bound for Gaza, with which activists similarly aim to "break the siege" on the territory. Organisers said the nine-bus convoy was not bringing aid into Gaza but aimed at carrying out a "symbolic act" in support of the enclave. The "Soumoud" convoy, meaning "steadfastness" in Arabic, includes doctors and aims to arrive in Rafah, in southern Gaza, by the end of the week. It is set to pass through Libya and Egypt, although Cairo has yet to provide passage permits. Twenty months into the Gaza war, negotiations over a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas remain deadlocked. A brief truce collapsed in March and Israel has since intensified operations to 'destroy' the Palestinian group.


Zawya
2 hours ago
- Zawya
IAEA chief relays Iran warning against Israeli strikes on nuclear facilities
CAIRO: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) chief Rafael Grossi said Iranians warned him that an Israel strike on the country's nuclear facilities could cause Iran to be more determined about developing a nuclear weapon, according to an interview broadcast and published on Monday. 'A strike could potentially have an amalgamating effect, solidifying Iran's determination – I will say it plainly – to pursue a nuclear weapon or withdraw from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,' Grossi said in the interview, published on the Jerusalem Post website and broadcast on i24NEWS TV on Monday. Grossi, however, doubted that Israel would strike Tehran's nuclear facilities, the Jerusalem Post reported. The Iranian nuclear program "runs wide and deep," Grossi told the Jerusalem Post. "Disrupting them would require overwhelming and devastating force." Tehran and Washington have recently engaged in Oman-mediated nuclear talks. Iran is set to hand a counter-proposal for a nuclear deal to the United States via Oman, Iranian foreign ministry spokesperson Esmaeil Baghaei said on Monday, in response to a U.S. offer that Tehran deems "unacceptable". Last week, U.S. President Donald Trump said he had warned Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu not to take actions that could disrupt nuclear talks with Iran. "I told him this would be inappropriate to do right now because we're very close to a solution now," Trump told reporters in the Oval Office. "That could change at any moment." Trump and Netanyahu are expected to speak over the phone on Monday.


The National
5 hours ago
- The National
Iran's 'undeclared' nuclear sites and Israel-backed groups in Gaza
The UN's nuclear watchdog has accused Iran of concealing three nuclear sites in the early 2000s. There's new fighting in Gaza, now between Hamas and an Israel-backed gang in the south of the strip. A Lebanese official has denied reports that Israel and the United States have agreed to end Unifil. On today's episode of Trending Middle East: Iran operated three secret nuclear sites until early 2000s, UN watchdog says Lebanon denies reports of US-Israel deal to withdraw UN peacekeepers Daily killings as Hamas and Israel-backed gang engage in battle of attrition in Gaza Who are the activists on board the aid yacht intercepted by Israel? This episode features Lemma Shehadi, Senior Communities Correspondent, UK bureau, and Jamie Prentis, Beirut Correspondent.