Latest news with #DSM-5
New York Post
14-07-2025
- Health
- New York Post
Mental health experts reveal reason why some people can't help being late
Chronic lateness can be frustrating for those left waiting and is often attributed to laziness and carelessness. But experts say a health issue called time blindness could be to blame for perpetual tardiness. Often misunderstood as an inability to perceive time, the condition disrupts a person's ability to estimate how long it will take to complete tasks, affecting everything from daily routines to long-term productivity. In daily life, time blindness can manifest as missed deadlines, difficulty transitioning between tasks, or underestimating how long a task will take, resulting in stress and frustration, according to experts. Socially, it may be interpreted as disrespectful or careless behavior toward others, potentially damaging relationships. 'The cardinal feature of time blindness is an inability to estimate a time interval,' Dr. Mauran Sivananthan, a psychiatrist with Henry Ford Health in Detroit, Michigan, told Fox News Digital. 5 Experts say a health issue called time blindness could be to blame for perpetual tardiness. Voyagerix – This can negatively affect a person's ability to use time as a guide to plan the day. Laurie Singer, a board-certified behavior analyst at Laurie Singer Behavioral Services in California, reiterated that those with time agnosia — another name for the condition — are unable to properly process the passing of time. 'They typically struggle with knowing how much time has passed or how much time is remaining during a task,' she told Fox News Digital. 5 Time blindness disrupts a person's ability to estimate how long it will take to complete tasks, affecting everything from daily routines to long-term productivity. DragonImages – For instance, someone may miscalculate how long it takes to get ready in the morning, rushing out the door and arriving late. Others may get absorbed in an activity (a symptom known as hyperfocus), losing track of time completely, the expert noted. Causes of time blindness Time blindness is considered an 'executive function issue,' Sivananthan said. Executive function refers to skills like working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition control. These skills are essential for everyday tasks like making plans, solving problems, and adapting to new situations, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Time blindness is most commonly linked to ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). 'Various parts of the brain are affected by ADHD, including the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum,' Sivananthan said. 'There have been many studies looking at the role of the cerebellum in time processing.' The condition can also appear in individuals with autism, OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder), traumatic brain injuries, depression, anxiety, and even conditions like Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, experts say. Time blindness is not listed in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is the accepted reference book for mental health and brain-related conditions, Singer noted. 5 Time blindness is considered an 'executive function issue,' psychiatrist Dr. Mauran Sivananthan said. Monkey Business – While there is no formal diagnosis for the condition, the inability to perceive and manage time is included in the DSM-5 criterion for ADHD. How to handle time blindness Treating time blindness often involves a multi-layered approach, starting with minimizing delays, according to Sivanathan. 'When something needs to be done, it is better to do it right away,' he told Fox News Digital. 5 Treating time blindness often involves a multi-layered approach, starting with minimizing delays, according to Sivanathan. auremar – It can also be helpful to use external devices to keep track of how much time is spent on an activity. Sivanathan often recommends that his patients set timers before getting in the shower or starting a project, for example. Singer added, 'When provided with some of the tools to alleviate symptoms, such as starting each day in the exact same way to create a rhythm, I've seen patients approach it with exceptional diligence.' 5 Sivanathan often recommends that his patients set timers before getting in the shower or starting a project, for example. Pix4Ads – The experts agree that habitual behavior can bring the benefits of 'structure, predictability, reduced decision fatigue, increased productivity, and improved time management.' Sivananthan recommends breaking large tasks into smaller, more manageable chunks and creating consistent routines that 'train the brain' and reduce cognitive load. While time blindness may not disappear entirely, it can be significantly reduced through the use of consistent routines, visual aids, and regular therapy, according to experts.
&w=3840&q=100)
First Post
12-07-2025
- Health
- First Post
Dr Explains: Why reels are short but their mental health impact isn't
Reels addiction, marked by compulsive short-form video use is increasingly affecting teens and young adults. Firstpost brings out expert's views on its psychological roots, symptoms and therapies like CBT, digital detox and mindfulness. read more In the age of endless scrolling, short-form video content like Instagram Reels, YouTube Shorts and TikTok has woven itself into the daily routine of millions, especially teenagers and young adults. While these clips may seem harmless entertainment, experts warn that compulsive consumption can lead to what is now increasingly referred to as 'reels addiction.' Characterised by shrinking attention spans, disrupted sleep, emotional volatility, and a noticeable decline in academic and social functioning, this compulsive digital overconsumption is fast emerging as a pressing mental health concern. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD Firstpost talked to Dr. Sameer Malhotra, Director and Head, Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, Max Super Speciality Hospital (Saket) to understand the clinical definition of reels addiction, its psychological impact and red flags to watch out for and the therapeutic interventions that can help those struggling to break free from the scroll. What exactly is 'Reels addiction,' and how do you clinically define it? 'Reels addiction' refers to compulsive or excessive consumption of short-form video content, like Instagram reels, YouTube Shorts, or TikTok videos, often to the detriment of mental, social, academic, or occupational functioning. While it's not formally recognised as a standalone disorder in the DSM-5 or ICD-11, it can be considered under 'Problematic Internet Use' or 'Social Media Addiction.' How is short-form content like reels different from other screen-based activities in terms of psychological impact? Reels and similar content are: • Highly stimulating (fast-paced, flashy, unpredictable). • Extremely brief, often under 60 seconds, promoting constant novelty. • Algorithmically tailored to user behavior, maximising dopamine hits. Compared to watching a movie or reading online, reels offer instant gratification, making them more habit-forming and less cognitively engaging. What age groups are most vulnerable to reels or short video addiction and why? • Teens and young adults (13–25 years) are the most vulnerable. • Reasons include: • Developing brain reward systems. • Higher need for peer validation and social comparison. • Lack of impulse control due to an immature prefrontal cortex. • More time spent online and on social media. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD What are the mental health consequences of excessive reels consumption—especially in teens and young adults? • Increased anxiety and depression (due to comparison, FOMO). • Lower self-esteem (especially in adolescents). • Reduced emotional regulation. • Sleep disturbances, fatigue, and academic decline. • Dopamine burnout, leading to a need for constant stimulation. How does Reels addiction affect attention span, memory, and sleep patterns? • Attention span shrinks, as the brain adapts to rapid changes in content. • Working memory weakens, as information is passively consumed, not deeply processed. • Blue light exposure and overstimulation delay melatonin production, disrupting sleep cycles. • May lead to insomnia or fragmented sleep. How does Reels addiction impact real-life social interaction and productivity? Is there a link between short-form content addiction and anxiety, depression, or loneliness? Yes: • Reduced face-to-face interaction; preference for virtual validation. • Lower academic/work productivity due to constant distraction. • Social anxiety, loneliness, and Depression increase as real relationships weaken. • People often feel guilt and shame, creating a negative loop of withdrawal and compulsive use. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD Are there any signs that parents, teachers, or individuals themselves should look out for? Look for: • Inability to stop watching Reels despite trying. • Neglect of responsibilities, sleep, or hygiene. • Irritability when not using the app. • Social withdrawal. • Lying about screen time. • Decline in academic or job performance. • Emotional numbness or excessive emotional reactivity. Does the 'dopamine loop' play a role in making Reels so addictive? Absolutely. The dopamine loop is central: • Each swipe gives a reward (funny/novel content). • The brain releases dopamine, reinforcing the behavior. • Over time, tolerance builds, and users need more stimulation to feel the same pleasure—just like in substance addiction. Is Reels addiction officially recognised as a disorder in any diagnostic manual, or is it categorised under broader internet addiction? It is not officially classified as a standalone disorder. However: • 'Internet Gaming Disorder' is in the DSM-5 as a condition for further study. • Reels addiction is generally categorised under Social Media Addiction or Problematic Internet Use in clinical contexts. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD How should someone know it's time to seek help for short-form content addiction? When: • Usage interferes with school, work, relationships, or mental health. • The person feels out of control. • There are withdrawal-like symptoms (irritability, anxiety, restlessness). • There's no joy in offline activities. • Attempts to cut down have failed repeatedly. What kind of therapies or interventions work best—CBT, digital detox, or mindfulness, for instance? • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps restructure thought patterns and reduce compulsive use. • Digital detox: Short, structured breaks help reset dopamine responses. • Mindfulness-Based Therapy: Improves awareness and emotional regulation. • Behavioral contracts, screen-time tracking apps, and habit replacement strategies are also useful. What are some practical strategies to reduce screen time without causing withdrawal or distress? • Set app timers or use focus modes. • Gradually reduces use (not cold turkey). • Replace usage time with engaging offline activities. • Turn off notifications. • No-phone zones or hours (e.g., during meals or one hour before bed). • Accountability buddy or screen time tracking with rewards. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD Can Reels be used positively—say for mental health awareness or learning—or are the risks too high? Yes, Reels can have positive uses: • Mental health education, awareness campaigns, peer support. • Bite-sized learning videos, fitness routines, or motivational content. The key is intention and moderation. When content is mindfully curated and consumed, it can be enriching not harmful. How can parents and educators balance regulation and freedom when it comes to kids using social media? • Open conversations instead of punishment. • Set collaborative screen-time rules. • Encourage critical thinking about media. • Monitor apps, but avoid surveillance that destroys trust. • Promote tech-free hobbies and offline bonding. • Model healthy screen habits themselves. Also encourage healthy activity schedules including physical sports, exercises, constructive hobbies and healthy sleep-wake schedules
Yahoo
10-07-2025
- Health
- Yahoo
'Orthosomnia' Might Be Ruining Your Sleep. Here's What You Should Know.
From Oura rings to mobile apps to smart mattress pads, sleep-tracking technology is abundant nowadays. These tools promise to help us improve our rest by sharing insights into how much we sleep, how well and even when we should go to bed and wake up. But this tech-driven pursuit of better sleep isn't always so helpful. In fact for some people, it might even be counterproductive to that ultimate goal ― giving rise to a condition experts have dubbed 'orthosomnia.' Orthosomnia is a condition characterized by poor sleep that stems from an obsessive pursuit of optimal sleep. Coined by researchers in 2017, this emerging term is not yet recognized as a formal diagnosis in the DSM-5, the official handbook of mental health disorders. But that may change as people continue to use wearable technology to track all kind of biometrics. 'Orthosomnia is when people get so caught up in trying to sleep 'perfectly' that the stress actually keeps them from sleeping well,' Dr. Raj Dasgupta, a sleep medicine doctor and chief medical advisor for Sleepopolis, told HuffPost. 'A lot of the time, it's triggered by sleep tracker data. People see a low score and start worrying about it night after night. Ironically, the harder they try to control their sleep, the worse it gets.' You might compare orthosomnia to orthorexia ― an excessive preoccupation with healthy eating that reaches psychologically unhealthy levels. Both terms draw from the Greek word 'orthos,' meaning 'straight' or 'correct.' And both show the potential dark side of recent wellness trends. 'We are surrounded by information that feeds the fire of orthosomnia,' said neurologist and sleep specialist Dr. Chris Winter. 'Articles are everywhere that overpathologize sleep and make the normal ups and downs of sleep seem imminently dangerous.' He explained that reports about the bad things that can happen when humans don't get enough sleep and the lists of 'tips and tricks' for improving rest don't necessarily reach the people actively engaged in sleep deprivation who need this information. Instead, these articles find their way to folks struggling with insomnia and serve to intensify their quest for perfection. 'At its core, orthosomnia is a performance anxiety, so in that way, it's probably existed forever,' Winter added. 'People have stressed about their sleep quality for a long time.' Modern technology, however, has has made our sleep 'scores' more concrete. 'Orthosomnia is definitely a newer issue,' Dasgupta said. 'The rise of wearable tech and sleep apps has made people hyper-aware of their sleep patterns, sometimes to the point where it backfires. These tools can be helpful, but if you're relying on the numbers more than how you actually feel, that's where problems start.' 'Symptoms of orthosomnia may include excessive concern about sleep duration and quality, anxiety related to data insights from sleep trackers and monitoring, excessive time spent trying to improve metrics and perhaps difficulty falling or staying asleep in relation to an attempt to improve metrics,' said Dr. William J. Healy, an assistant professor in the division of pulmonary, critical care and sleep medicine at the Medical College of Georgia. If you're invested in tracking your sleep, try to pay attention to how your interest affects your actual sleep experience. 'Some red flags are constantly checking your sleep app, feeling frustrated or anxious about your sleep or waking up feeling tired even when you've had a full night in bed,' Dasgupta said. 'People might also have trouble falling asleep or wake up a lot during the night because their minds are so focused on how they're 'supposed' to be sleeping.' A big issue with orthosomnia is that even the best sleep trackers are not totally accurate, so people who are getting solid sleep might come to believe otherwise ― leading to stress that subsequently does harm their sleep. 'In general, sleep trackers are not measuring sleep itself, the stages of sleep or of wakefulness after the onset of sleep,' noted Dr. Indira Gurubhagavatula, a professor of medicine in the division of Sleep Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. 'They use indirect data like heart rate, movement or body position to estimate whether the person is awake or asleep. They may even tell you that this 'sleep' is 'light,' 'deep' or 'REM' sleep.' She added that the algorithms these trackers use may also be proprietary ― leading to a lack of transparency as to how exactly their determinations are made. 'The gold standard for measuring sleep is usually done in a laboratory, using soft electrodes taped to the scalp, which assess electrical activity of the brain, and electrodes near the eyes to see if REM sleep is happening,' Gurubhagavatula said. 'Wearable trackers are not using such signals to measure sleep.' A lot of people who use this technology are unaware of the difference, however, and may even view the numbers they see on their devices as exact sleep measures ― perhaps using this info to self-diagnose sleep disorders as well. Researchers have shared stories of individuals so attached to the data from their wearable devices that they refused to believe it could be wrong, even after undergoing overnight lab studies with different results. The hyper-focus on rest can actually be counterproductive to wellness, leading to heightened anxiety or guilt around sleep metrics. People with orthosomnia might also cancel plans with friends, skip workouts or totally overhaul their routines to chase a better sleep score. 'I've seen patients who use sleep trackers engage in behaviors that may cause even more problems ― for example, lying awake in bed for long hours, hoping to get a a better sleep score,' Gurubhagavatula said. 'Since the trackers are not great at assessing true sleep versus lying quietly in bed, those who stay in bed for a long time without sleeping may get artificially higher scores. This can then perpetuate the practice of lying awake quietly in bed for a long time, which can worsen insomnia.' 'Treatment for orthosomnia may involve curtailing use of sleep tracking and reading on improvement in sleep metrics, at least for a time, to see if this improves symptoms,' Healy said. Just as you've been experimenting with optimizing your sleep, consider experimenting with taking a break from such a data-driven pursuit. 'I suggest backing off the sleep tracking for a bit,' Dasgupta said. 'You don't have to delete your app forever, but maybe don't check it every morning. Focus more on how rested you feel, not just the numbers on your screen.' If you have trouble letting go of your sleep trackers or even scaling back your influx of data, you might want to reach out to a mental health professional. 'The best treatment is usually cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, or CBT-I,' Dasgupta said. 'It helps people reset their thoughts around sleep.' Ultimately, the goal is to focus on how you're feeling, rather than what data says. Engage in healthy sleep practices, but don't put so much effort into tracking and achieving highly specific goals. 'I encourage patients to follow good sleep hygiene on most days,' Gurubhagavatula said, listing things like consistent bedtimes, moderation with caffeine and alcohol, healthy eating, regular exercise and light exposure and a nice sleep environment. 'However, there is wiggle room and one doesn't have to be perfect 100% of the time.' As with other areas of wellness, the goal with sleep is balance, not perfection. More Americans Are Choosing This Unconventional Type Of Vacation How To Sleep Better On Planes The 5-Minute Habits That Help Sleep Experts Fall Asleep Faster
Time Business News
08-07-2025
- Health
- Time Business News
How Addiction Treatment Centers Tailor Support for Different Substance Use Disorders
Substance Use Disorders represent a chronic dysfunction of the brain's reward, motivation, and memory circuits. They are not merely the result of moral failing or lack of willpower. Instead, these conditions unfold through a nuanced interplay of biology, environment, and personal experience. Addiction can range from episodic misuse to compulsive dependency, manifesting differently in every individual. Treatment centers must begin by recognizing the profound heterogeneity in how SUDs develop and persist. This foundational understanding underscores the need for precisely targeted interventions instead of generic treatment models. Recovery from compulsive drinking begins with acknowledging the need for change and seeking support. Individuals struggling with Alcohol Addiction Treatment often find success through a combination of detox, therapy, and ongoing aftercare. These programs are tailored to address both the physical dependency and the underlying emotional triggers that fuel addiction. Personalized care, whether inpatient or outpatient, fosters lasting change by promoting healthy coping strategies and resilience. Support networks like group counseling and family involvement play a key role in long-term recovery. With commitment and the right guidance, individuals can reclaim control of their lives and build a sober future. Each addictive substance carries its own pharmacological fingerprint, exerting distinct physiological and psychological consequences. Opioids suppress respiration and induce euphoria, alcohol impairs cognition and coordination, while stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine hyperactivate the nervous system, often leading to paranoia or cardiovascular stress. Cannabis, benzodiazepines, hallucinogens, and synthetic drugs present additional layers of complexity. No one-size-fits-all remedy exists; instead, each substance demands a specific countermeasure, rooted in science and individualized experience. Accurate diagnosis is the keystone of effective treatment. Upon admission, patients undergo rigorous assessments that examine physical health, psychiatric history, substance use chronology, and social circumstances. These evaluations are multifaceted, often incorporating tools like the DSM-5 criteria, urine toxicology screens, and psychometric testing. Clinicians construct a complete biopsychosocial profile, discerning not only what substances are used but why they are used—whether to escape trauma, cope with anxiety, or mask chronic pain. This diagnostic precision allows treatment centers to chart a course that addresses root causes, not just symptoms. Once diagnosed, patients receive customized treatment plans that reflect both the substance in question and the individual's unique psychological landscape. For opioid and alcohol use disorders, Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)—using buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone—can dramatically reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing (MI), and Contingency Management (CM) are calibrated to the nuances of stimulant, alcohol, or polydrug use. Dual-diagnosis cases, where addiction overlaps with mental illness, necessitate synchronized psychiatric and substance use care. Tailored treatment is not a luxury; it's a necessity born from complexity. Beyond conventional methods, many centers adopt integrative therapies that promote total-person healing. These may include acupuncture, mindfulness-based stress reduction, equine-assisted therapy, and nutritional rehabilitation. Such modalities are more than peripheral; they help repair neurochemical imbalances, reduce stress, and foster a renewed sense of agency. Culturally sensitive approaches—such as Indigenous healing practices or faith-based counseling—can resonate profoundly with specific demographics. Treatment becomes a tapestry woven with threads of science, culture, and compassion. Certain groups require enhanced levels of attention due to distinct vulnerabilities. Adolescents battling peer pressure and identity crises benefit from age-appropriate group therapy and educational support. Veterans may grapple with combat-related PTSD, necessitating trauma-informed care and peer-led support groups. Women often face addiction layered with domestic abuse or parenting challenges, making gender-responsive programs vital. Dual-diagnosis patients, straddling the line between mental illness and addiction, thrive in environments that unify psychiatric and addiction medicine. Tailored programs are not just clinically effective—they are ethically imperative. Treatment doesn't end with discharge. Progress must be continually monitored through biomarkers, therapeutic milestones, and patient self-reports. Modern centers employ adaptive care strategies, adjusting interventions based on evolving needs. Long-term recovery hinges on support networks: sober living environments, alumni groups, continued therapy, and relapse prevention plans. The most successful centers embrace a philosophy of care that evolves with the individual, never static, always responsive. Addiction is not a monolith, and its treatment cannot be either. By tailoring support for each substance use disorder, treatment centers elevate care from routine to revolutionary. The future of recovery lies in customization—where science meets empathy, and therapy meets the individual exactly where they are. TIME BUSINESS NEWS
The Irish Sun
05-07-2025
- Health
- The Irish Sun
The truth behind a dramatic rise in autism – and why it could be catastrophic, says Dr Rebecca Ker
IF you've spent any time on social media, you'll likely have come across videos titled 'the signs you're autistic' and 'why autism is to blame' for any number of behaviours or personality traits. This content has become so prolific it's pushed thousands of people to seek an official diagnosis. But is autism really becoming more common, and if so, is TikTok the only factor Advertisement 3 Dr Rebecca Ker, a psychologist who specialises in neurodivergent people and their families, reveals why the rise in autism diagnoses could be catastrophic Credit: Dr Rebecca Ker About 700,000 people in the UK are thought to have But influencers might have you assuming that number is far higher. There are now 3.2million posts about autism on TikTok alone. Many of these are inaccurate, but it is true that diagnoses are on the rise. Advertisement Rates are up 787 per cent in England from 1998 to 2018, and experts warn the NHS is 'overwhelmed' by the influx. Here, Dr Rebecca Ker, a psychologist registered with the Health and Care Professions Council and co-founder of EARLIER this year, US Health Secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr promised a 'massive' research effort involving hundreds of scientists to get to the bottom of what he calls an autism 'epidemic'. Yet after more than 15 years working with autistic children, adults and families, the only epidemic I can see is one of fear-mongering and stigma. We've not suddenly 'caught' Advertisement Yes, autism rates have increased hugely - by 787 per cent in England over the past 20 years. Simple 10-question test that can help determine if you have autism When autism was first discussed in the 1940s, it was thought to affect one in every 2,500 people. Today, research suggests it could be more like one in 30. The reality is, that rise is down to our greater awareness and understanding of the condition and a broadening of the diagnostic criteria we use to define it. For starters, we're better at realising the nuances and subtleties of the condition and the That greater understanding has also been informed by the autistic community themselves. Advertisement There are some brilliant brains out there, advocating, educating, and finally being heard in a way they never were in the 1950s. We meet lots of parents bringing their children to clinics who are beginning to realise they might be autistic too. Often they grew up with a very different understanding of what autism is. THE NEW DEFINITION Secondly, when the DSM-5 - the guidebook psychologists use to classify conditions - was updated in 2013, it removed Autism spectrum disorder is currently defined as 'persistent difficulties with social communication, social interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour (including sensory difficulties), and it has to be present from early childhood to the extent that these limit and impair everyday functioning'. Advertisement The criteria is broad. For example 'restrictive and repetitive behaviours' could look like lots of things, from rocking, hand-flapping and skin-picking to sticking to a strict routine or eating the same food every evening. For one person, difficulties with social communication might look like difficulties with picking up on the social cues of the person they are speaking to. For another person, it might mean being completely non-verbal. Autistic minds often thrive on sameness, predictability and routine. They have a real need for sameness. But here's the problem. While understanding has moved on, support systems are struggling to keep up. The latest NHS England figures, covering the period ending March 2025, show the number of patients waiting at least three months for an initial specialist appointment has jumped by more than a quarter since last year. That figure has also tripled since 2021. Advertisement In total, nearly 124,000 under-18s are on the waiting list for over three months - almost 30,000 more than the year before. 3 The diagnostic guidelines for autism have changed Credit: Getty NHS guidelines say patients should be seen within 13 weeks. But nine in 10 wait much longer. And those who did get assessed last year? They'd already been waiting, on average, a year and a half. And a diagnosis is often just the start… it doesn't automatically unlock the necessary support. Advertisement In my experience in Surrey, it's not unusual for children to wait years. That's years of growing up without support and without understanding. Changing schools. Falling behind. Developing And it's not just children. Last year, the Oxfordshire Adult Autism Diagnostic and Support Service stopped taking new referrals altogether. Adults being referred at that time were told they'd have to wait 18 years. If you're one of those families stuck on a waiting list, it can feel impossible. You're worried, your child is struggling, and you're being told to just wait and keep waiting. But even without a diagnosis, there is support out there. Please don't let schools tell you everything's fine just because your child is quiet or well-behaved there. Masking is real and it's exhausting. The children who cope at school often fall apart at home Dr Rebecca Ker While many end up seeking support privately, there are national charities and helplines available too. Advertisement Families need faster access to specialists to provide clarity, tools, and reassurance. Someone who understands neurodivergence can help you notice patterns, validate your concerns, and work with you on practical steps that reduce If you are concerned that your child is autistic, keep a journal of behaviours that concern you. Record exactly what triggers meltdowns, how you have noticed your child differs from their peers, how they respond to change, what their social interactions look like. Be as specific as you can. Advertisement Take that evidence to your child's teacher or SENCO. Ask for support plans, even without a diagnosis. Speak to your GP, or if your child's under five, your health visitor. The key characteristics of autism - and why they go unnoticed By Alice Fuller, Health Features Editor MODEL Christine McGuinness was a 'recluse' for eight years and only left the house at 3am. Springwatch presenter And recently, But what exactly is autism and why does it seem so different in everyone? Leanne Cooper-Brown, neurodevelopmental lead at 'Whereas we used to think of autism as a linear line, we have come to realise that terms such as 'high' and 'low' functioning or definitions of 'mild', 'moderate' or 'severe' aren't helpful and can be misleading. 'Nowadays, we think of autism in terms of the strengths and needs of the individual, which can change over time depending on their environment and support network.' About 700,000 people in the UK are thought to have autism - that's one in 100. But research by University College London suggests that number could be twice as high, as many people remain undiagnosed. Cases are on the rise though. Figures released last year showed a 175 per cent increase from 2011 to 2022. Dr Selina Warlow, clinical psychologist and owner of 'Receiving a diagnosis can open access to expert resources that support autistic people to thrive in society.' Autism has long been associated with social difficulties, like problems maintaining conversations and forming relationships . But research published in the journal Cell Press suggested that repetitive behaviours - like rocking or finger-flicking - and special interests - whether it's TV shows or specific animals - are more indicative of an autism diagnosis. Generally though, experts say the Sensitivity - autistic people can be much more or less sensitive to sights, sounds, textures, tastes and smells. For example, they find bright lights or crowded spaces overwhelming, Leanne says. They may also stand too close to others or need to move their whole body to look at something. Stimming - to manage this sensory overload, some people use repetitive movements or sounds. 'This is called stimming, and includes rocking, tapping and hand-flapping,' Dr Warlow says. 'Though it's something everyone does to some extent, those with autism are likely to engage with it as a form of self-regulation.' Masking - this is a strategy used by some autistic people, consciously or not, to match neurotypical people, Dr Warlow says. 'It's a way of hiding your true characteristics, and could involve copying facial expressions, planning conversations in advance, or holding in 'stimming' - swapping hand clapping with playing with a pen, for example,' she adds. Burnout - this is a state of physical, mental and emotional exhaustion and is a common feature in autism. 'Being extremely tired, both mentally and physically, can be associated with the act of masking for a long period of time, or sensory or social overload,' Dr Warlow says. 'Symptoms of autistic burnout include social withdrawal, reduced performance and increased sensitivity.' Social struggles - socialising can be confusing or tiring for autistic people. They often find it hard to understand what others are thinking or feeling, making it challenging to make friends. Leanne says: 'In adults, autism may present as difficulties with interpreting social cues such as understanding body language or sarcasm, struggling to express emotions or preferring to be alone. This can impact relationships and work.' Routine - many of us have a fairly regular daily schedule. But for autistic people, this becomes a 'very strong preference for routine', Leanne says. This could be needing a daily timetable to know what is going to happen and when, or having rigid preferences about foods or clothing. Literal thinking - some autistic people have a literal view of language - like believing it's actually 'raining cats and dogs' or that someone really wants you to 'break a leg'. Dr Warlow says: 'This can result in confusion with figures of speech, irony or indirect requests. 'For instance, being told to 'pull your socks up' might be understood literally, not as a motivational phrase.' Hyperfocus - often associated with ADHD, hyperfocusing is also common in autistic people. 'It's where you're able to focus intensely on an activity and become absorbed to the point of forgetting about time,' Dr Warlow says. 'This is useful in work or hobbies but can result in neglect of other aspects of life, such as food or rest.' Special interests - we all have hobbies and interests, but for autistic people, these are so compelling they often want to spend all their time learning about, thinking about or doing them. 'Special interests could include anything from dinosaurs to superheroes, and gardening to music,' Dr Warlow says. 'These usually begin in childhood, but can also form as an adult. 'Chris Packham is an example of an autistic person who turned his childhood special interest in animals into a successful career, becoming one of the UK's best-loved natural world TV presenters.' Please don't let schools tell you everything's fine just because your child is quiet or well-behaved there. Masking is real and it's exhausting. The children who cope at school often fall apart at home. If you can afford to explore a private assessment, be cautious. Advertisement There are brilliant services out there, but it can be overwhelming choosing a private provider that is offering the best quality in terms of assessment. A good autism assessment is a lot of work. It should involve a multidisciplinary team - not one person sitting with your child for half an hour. The specialists should be Health and Care Professions Council registered. The process should follow National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. They should draw information from different contexts (observing your child themselves, talking to school, interviewing parents) and produce a detailed report that can stand up when you need it - for school support, Education, Health and Care Plans, or future care. 3 Dr Ker says parents are 'too often dismissed' when they raise concerns about their children Credit: Getty Advertisement Let's stop talking about trying to 'reduce' autism. That's not the goal. Instead, we need to be building a more accessible world, where people can say: 'I'm neurodivergent. I am more comfortable doing it this way.' That means changing how we run our education system and services. Just as we build wheelchair ramps, and would view a lack of ramps to be unacceptable, we should be building sensory-friendly classrooms, alternative timetables, and flexible expectations. We need to train teachers to understand neurodivergent minds. Advertisement We need to provide the funding for more capable systems that can enable all types of brains to reach their potential. Too often, quiet girls or rule-following boys are told they're 'fine' while they suffer silently. Too often, parents are dismissed as 'overly anxious'. But often there are signs - a child who is exhausted after school, struggles with transitions, is inflexible in their play, feels different or confused by peers, complains the dining hall is too loud or smelly to be able to eat. The 10-question autism test TO get an official autism diagnosis, you need to be assessed by a healthcare professional. But if you think your or your child might have the condition, there is a simple quiz called the AQ-10 that you can use to help support your suspicions. The Instead, it is used to screen people who might be. A version for children is also available. For adults For each question, write down if you 'Definitely Agree', 'Slightly Agree', 'Slightly Disagree' or 'Definitely Agree'. I often notice small sounds when others do not I usually concentrate more on the whole picture, rather than the small details I find it easy to do more than one thing at once If there is an interruption, I can switch back to what I was doing very quickly I find it easy to 'read between the lines' when someone is talking to me I know how to tell if someone listening to me is getting bored When I'm reading a story I find it difficult to work out the characters' intentions I like to collect information about categories of things (e.g. types of car, types of bird, types of train, types of plant etc) I find it easy to work out what someone is thinking or feeling just by looking at their face I find it difficult to work out people's intentions Score 1 point for 'Definitely Agree' or 'Slightly Agree' on each of items 1, 7, 8, and 10. Score 1 point for 'Definitely Disagree' or 'Slightly Disagree' on each of items 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9. If you score more than 6 out of 10, a healthcare professional will consider referring you for a specialist diagnostic assessment. For children For each question, write down if you 'Definitely Agree', 'Slightly Agree', 'Slightly Disagree' or 'Definitely Agree'. S/he often notices small sounds when others do not S/he usually concentrates more on the whole picture, rather than the small details In a social group, s/he can easily keep track of several different people's conversations S/he finds it easy to go back and forth between different activities S/he doesn't know how to keep a conversation going with his/her peers S/he is good at social chit-chat When s/he is read a story, s/he finds it difficult to work out the character's intentions or feelings When s/he was in preschool, s/he used to enjoy playing games involving pretending with other children S/he finds it easy to work out what someone is thinking or feeling just by looking at their face S/he finds it hard to make new friends Only 1 point can be scored for each question. Score 1 point for 'Definitely Agree' or 'Slightly Agree' on each of items 1, 5, 7 and 10. Score 1 point for 'Definitely Disagree' or 'Slightly Disagree' on each of items 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9. If the individual scores more than 6 out of 10, they will be considered for a specialist diagnostic assessment. None of these on their own mean a child is autistic, but we should be sensitive to the clues. Advertisement With adults, the process is more complex. You don't always have parents to describe childhood behaviours. But what we see again and again is this: they've been masking their whole lives. They've been told they're too much, too blunt, too rude. They've often experienced long term difficulties with their mental health or been misdiagnosed with personality disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and so on. Difficulties with mental ill-health are more prevalent in autistic people. These are all signs that it is hard to be autistic in a world that is geared up for neurotypical people. They've made it through work or university by sheer effort - but at a cost. Advertisement And often, the moment they receive that diagnosis? It's a relief. At last, something makes sense. 'Not everyone is neurodivergent, but everyone is neurodiverse' So yes, autism is a difference. But it's a difference we've punished, misunderstood and ignored for far too long. The DSM-5 still calls it a disorder. But many autistic people find this term offensive and prefer the word 'difference' or 'condition'. And I agree. It isn't an illness. And there are many strengths associated with autism too. We all have different brains. Neurodiversity is a natural part of human variation - just like height or handedness. Advertisement Not everyone is neurodivergent, but everyone is neurodiverse. So when Kennedy Jr says autism is worse than Covid, he isn't just wrong - he's dangerous. His words fuel a climate of panic, shame and disinformation. And for what? To blame vaccines? To stir controversy? There's no medical basis for that claim. But what there is is a growing body of knowledge. Of compassion. And of people - autistic people - finally being seen, heard, and supported.
