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Yahoo
6 hours ago
- Politics
- Yahoo
Royal Navy To Arm Its Carriers With Long-Range Missiles
The United Kingdom has outlined plans for its future carrier air wing, which should include drones and undisclosed long-range missiles that would be launched from its deck, alongside the F-35B stealth fighters that currently go aboard its two flattops. While there have been ongoing efforts to trial drones aboard the two Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers, the long-range weapons, and the broader effort stressing the combination of 'high and low' capabilities in the future carrier air wing are new developments. What are described as 'the first European hybrid air wings' are laid out in brief in the latest Strategic Defense Review, published yesterday by the U.K. Ministry of Defense. 'The Royal Navy must continue to move towards a more powerful but cheaper and simpler fleet, developing a 'high-low' mix of equipment and weapons that exploits autonomy and digital integration,' the review states. 'Carrier strike is already at the cutting edge of NATO capability, but much more rapid progress is needed in its evolution into 'hybrid' carrier air wings, whereby crewed combat aircraft (F-35B) are complemented by autonomous collaborative platforms in the air, and expendable, single-use drones. Plans for the hybrid carrier air wings should also include long-range precision missiles capable of being fired from the carrier deck.' That the F-35B remains the cornerstone of the carrier air wing's strike capability is no surprise. The Queen Elizabeth class carriers were tailored for operations involving the short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) jet, although there remain questions about exactly how many of these aircraft the United Kingdom will procure. In the past, the U.K. government said it planned to buy 138 F-35Bs. So far, however, firm orders have only been placed for 48. Meanwhile, the previous Conservative government confirmed it was negotiating to buy another 27 for delivery by 2033. Most analysts consider that many more than 48 F-35Bs would be required to meet the ambition of 24 jets available for the baseline Carrier Strike mission, across both ships. Considering training and other demands, a figure of 60-70 jets is generally thought to be reasonable. In the meantime, U.S. Marine Corps F-35Bs are being relied upon to make up the required aircraft numbers during carrier cruises. The review concludes only that 'More F-35s will be required over the next decade.' However, it doesn't put any final number on the Joint Strike Fighter buy. Moreover, it suggests that the future Lightning force could comprise a mix of conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) F-35As and F-35Bs. The F-35A, of course, is unable to operate from aircraft carriers, but such a mix could be adopted 'according to military requirements to provide greater value for money.' The F-35A is not currently operated by the United Kingdom. The F-35A is less expensive than the F-35B and, apart from STOVL, is more capable, boasting superior range and payload. The F-35A is also a 9G-capable jet, while the F-35B is cleared for 7.5G. Some commentators have taken the reference to a potential U.K. F-35A buy as evidence of plans to join the NATO nuclear sharing arrangement, under which these aircraft are provided with U.S.-owned B61-12 tactical nuclear bombs. However, the review doesn't mention this possibility, or any plans to field tactical nuclear weapons. Should the United Kingdom choose to buy F-35As, it might even threaten the future of the Global Combat Air Program (GCAP), the future air combat initiative at the heart of which is the Tempest crewed stealth fighter. Regardless of its impact on that, it would leave the Royal Navy struggling to meet its Carrier Strike demands. With that in mind, it would likely have to rely much more heavily on drones and long-range weapons. In regard to these, the review outlines 'autonomous collaborative platforms in the air [and] single-use drones' as part of the hybrid carrier air wing of the future. The Royal Navy has, for some time now, been looking at ways to integrate drones into its future carrier air wing. Back in 2023, the Royal Navy revealed details of its intention to fit its two carriers with assisted launch systems and recovery gear, enabling operations by a variety of fixed-wing uncrewed aircraft and, potentially, also conventional takeoff and landing crewed types. 'We are looking to move from STOVL to STOL, then to STOBAR [short takeoff but arrested recovery], and then to CATOBAR [catapult assisted takeoff but arrested recovery],' Col. Phil Kelly, the Royal Navy's Head of Carrier Strike and Maritime Aviation, told the Combined Naval Event conference in 2023. ' We are looking at a demonstrable progression that spreads out the financial cost and incrementally improves capability.' Even before this, there had been indications that the service wanted to at least explore adding different drones to its future carrier air wing. The United Kingdom is not alone in this, with China and Turkey, most notably, also increasingly putting drones aboard big-deck amphibious warfare vessels and other non-conventional-takeoff-and-landing aircraft carriers. The Royal Navy kicked off the project with tests of the General Atomics Mojave short takeoff and landing (STOL), drone aboard the carrier HMS Prince of Wales in late 2023, as you can read about here. The Mojave's impressive STOL capabilities mean that no launch and recovery systems were required for these tests. The 'cat and trap' plan for drone operations aboard U.K. carriers is known as Project Ark Royal (named after the Royal Navy's last aircraft carrier that was capable of CATOBAR operations). If realized, the project will see the Queen Elizabeth class carriers start to operate drones able to undertake a variety of missions and then increasingly heavier, complex, and higher performance ones. Later on, full CATOBAR capability could also add fixed-wing crewed aircraft, too. After the Mojave trials, the next phase of Project Ark Royal aims to install some kind of recovery system on the Queen Elizabeth design, allowing operations by larger fixed-wing drones. Uncrewed aircraft in this category are an aspiration that the Royal Navy is already working toward under Project Vixen, which you can read more about here. Finally, the Queen Elizabeth class design is planned to be reworked with catapult launch gear, allowing the warships 'to operate the heaviest aircraft you can imagine,' in the words of Col. Kelly. That would include larger, high-performance drones, but potentially also crewed fixed-wing aircraft, which would be a very significant development for the Queen Elizabeth class. As it stands, the carriers are unable to operate fixed-wing airborne early warning aircraft or airborne tankers, putting limits on their offensive operations. In the future, these functions could potentially be taken on by a catapult-launched fixed-wing aircraft, whether crewed or uncrewed. A replacement for the carrier air wing's airborne early warning capability will become especially urgent, with plans to retire the current Merlin Crowsnest helicopter, which currently fulfills this role, at the end of 2029. According to previous reports, the Royal Navy has already been looking at different catapult launch solutions, including the U.S.-developed Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS), the introduction of which has been far from trouble-free, as well as the U.K.-developed Electro Magnetic Kinetic Induction Technology demonstrator. Finding room for complex launch and recovery systems, as well as fielding the manpower to maintain and operate them, will be a challenge no matter how much extra space the vessels have to accommodate them. As we have explored in the past, there are many more technological hurdles for the Royal Navy to overcome, beyond the launch and recovery systems. It will also need to develop control stations, datalinks, unique procedures, and much more to ensure the drones can be safely and effectively integrated within the carrier air group, for example. Even working out the intricacies of deck handling and flow integration involving drones combined with crewed fixed-wing jets and helicopters will be a considerable effort. The Queen Elizabeth class has a notably wide deck, but there's no angled landing area, which would enable simultaneous launch and recovery operations. Also unclear is to what degree drones could operate from the carriers' existing takeoff ramps, which are required to make the maximum use of the STOVL F-35B. Ultimately, however, the Royal Navy might look to a loyal-wingman-type drone, of the kind that the U.S. Navy is working on under its Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) program. These uncrewed aircraft will be highly autonomous but still designed primarily to work closely together with crewed platforms, at least initially. In the past, the U.S. Navy has said it wants to have uncrewed platforms make up the majority of its future carrier air wings, with up to 60 percent of all aircraft on each flattop being pilotless in the coming decade or two. The kinds of ambitions the U.S. Navy has for its CCAs would certainly seem to tally with the aspiration to field 'autonomous collaborative platforms' aboard the U.K. carriers. Last year, General Atomics presented a vision for how a new uncrewed aircraft, a carrier-capable member of its Gambit drone family, could fit into a future air wing aboard the Queen Elizabeth class carriers. A rendering, shown below, featured a catapult-equipped HMS Prince of Wales with a Gambit-series drone ready to launch. The rendering also depicts an air wing that includes carrier-capable MQ-9B drones fitted with a STOL kit, a separate concept that General Atomics unveiled in 2022, as well as F-35Bs. 'We first started thinking of this as a carrier-capable version of Gambit 2, our air-to-air UCAV [uncrewed combat air vehicle] variant, so that's what is reflected on the Farnborough booth graphics,' C. Mark Brinkley, a General Atomics spokesman, told TWZ at the time. 'Lately, we've been thinking of it as a new concept we're calling Gambit 5, designed for carrier launch and recovery, but weapons delivery need not be a primary requirement. It could be ISR [intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance] focused, like Gambit 1, or even some hybrid.' Other options for the Royal Navy might include a version of the U.S. Navy's MQ-25 Stingray, which is initially being developed for aerial refueling, but which could potentially be adapted for other missions, including surveillance and electronic warfare, and even strike. As well as the MQ-25, the MQ-28 Ghost Bat, a loyal-wingman-type drone designed by Boeing's Australian subsidiary, seems to have attracted some official interest in the United Kingdom. In February, Rear Adm. James Parkin, Director Develop for the Royal Navy, gave a presentation that included a slide with a Boeing rendering showing a variant or derivative of the MQ-28 with a visible tailhook landing on a Queen Elizabeth class carrier. .@RoyalNavy briefing on future unmanned rotary capabilities at #IMHelicon, but note the carrier landing MQ-28 Ghost Bat… #drone #drones — Gareth Jennings (@GarethJennings3) February 21, 2023 Outside of larger drones (and potentially even CTOL crewed aircraft), the review also sees a place for 'single-use drones' aboard the carriers. Already, the Royal Navy has conducted trials involving smaller, jet-powered drones, with the QinetiQ Banshee Jet 80+, best known as a target drone, being launched from HMS Prince of Wales in 2021. An adaptation of this, or a similar drone, could fulfill this role. The Banshee can be launched using a portable catapult from the deck of the carrier, and — provided it's not expended — it can be recovered via parachute and land in the water after completing its mission. The Royal Navy's experiments with smaller carrier-based drones are being carried out under Project Vampire, which specifies the use study of 'lightweight, fixed-wing carrier-borne crewless autonomous systems,' for which the twin-jet-engine-powered Banshee provides a useful surrogate. Operational drones in this class could provide the carrier air wing with important new vectors for carrying out missions, including strike, electronic warfare, and surveillance. Notably, after its appearance on the Prince of Wales, an operationalized version of the Banshee appeared in combat in Ukraine, as you can read about here. Most intriguingly, the hybrid air wing should, 'eventually,' also feature 'long-range missiles capable of being fired from the carrier deck,' the report recommends. The explicit mention of a missile (rather than a drone) suggests that the Royal Navy is looking at the option of launching a cruise missile from the carrier, perhaps even a hypersonic weapon. A ballistic missile is also a possibility, albeit less likely. Currently, only the Russian Navy operates a carrier with provision to launch its own cruise missiles, something you can read about in depth here. However, in recent years, there have been questions about whether the P-700 missile tubes on the Admiral Kuznetsov were still active, let alone whether they were filled with live rounds of the anti-ship missiles. This is more or less academic now, anyway, with the Admiral Kuznetsov out of operational service since mid-2022 and little sign that this will change anytime soon. While the Admiral Kuznetsov was outfitted with cruise missiles to maximize the offensive weapons that could be directed against U.S. Navy Carrier Battle Groups and high-value convoys, the Royal Navy would likely be looking to add an additional land-attack capability to its carriers. On the other hand, a dual-use missile could also be a possibility, especially with a resurgence of interest in anti-surface warfare. Long-range cruise missiles would also not have to be stowed in below-decks launchers, as in the Admiral Kuznetsov, which would require significant changes to the internal layout of the boat, but could instead be fired from the flight deck using a truck, trailer, or container-based launcher. Currently, the Royal Navy uses conventionally armed Tomahawk cruise missiles to arm its Astute class nuclear-powered attack submarines. However, it also plans to provide a Tomahawk capability on its forthcoming Type 26 and Type 31 frigates, via the Mk 41 Vertical Launch System (VLS). The current Type 45 destroyer also has the potential to be retrofitted with a Tomahawk capability. The Tomahawk has a range of around 1,000 miles with a 1,000-pound unitary warhead. Meanwhile, the United Kingdom is increasingly looking at new long-range strike weapons, notably a 'deep precision strike' weapon with a range of over 2,000 kilometers (1,243 miles) that it is pursuing with Germany. While details of the missile are yet to be finalized, it could well be developed with the option to be fired from carrier decks as well as ground launchers. New heights in military cooperation – Defence Ministers Healey & Pistorius agreed: develop 2,000km Deep Precision Strike Capability joint procurement of Sting Ray torpedoes for P-8 Poseidon aircraft strategic land systems partnership continue BOXER co-operation — German Embassy London (@GermanEmbassy) May 16, 2025 Whatever happens, there's no doubt that these plans for the so-called hybrid air wings are full of technological challenges. Not only will it be complex to introduce these new capabilities on vessels that were not originally designed for them, but it will be a very costly endeavor. Coming at a time when there are many competing high-profile U.K. defense programs, it remains unclear how realistic these aspirations are, from a fiscal perspective. Contact the author: thomas@
Epoch Times
02-05-2025
- Science
- Epoch Times
Golden Dome Ballistic Missile Defense Won't Obsolete Mutually Assured Destruction
Commentary We are a long way away from developing an impenetrable ' In a Even further removed from the real world was a more recent test involving simulated standard missiles taking out a simulated ballistic missile. Overall, Eyer is not impressed with the connection between the testing and real-world effectiveness, noting: 'These much-vaunted tests are misleading, at best, and illusory at worst. They create the impression that these systems are fully ready for crew use in real-world situations, and to this date, we simply do not know that to be true.' Setting up tests with levels of support and material preparation that will not be available to other ships during their normal deployment has become standard operating procedure for vendors and their future employees (i.e., senior retired military and other defense department official who get cushy jobs in the industry upon retiring). And this lack of realistic testing extends to all the layers of land-based ballistic missiles defense. Even with exceptional support and optimal conditions, testing has yielded mediocre results that in no way takes into account measures that sophisticated nuclear powers can implement or deploy to make it much more difficult to shoot down their missiles. And unless major reforms are implemented, one can expect this type of testing to extend to the space-based ballistic missile defense systems that many are saying will be necessary. Related Stories 2/18/2025 12/25/2024 But those space-based systems, which have yet to be developed, present a whole host of technical and diplomatic issues that have yet to be solved. As things stand, the United States has not developed any kind of reliable/high-confidence ballistic missile defense capabilities. That this has implications for President Trump's Golden Dome goals is an understatement. But ballistic missile defense testing inadequacy is just part of pattern of testing regimes that have consistently delivered weapons systems that don't come close to fulfilling their real-world promised performance. Case in point: the Marine Corps was so desperate to keep the F-35 program alive that back in June of 2015 they conducted their own 'operational testing.' This involved embarking a whole slew of support personnel on board a Marine Amphibious Assault ship, including Lockheed Martin technical personnel, and then conducting exercises with levels of support that no regularly deployed F-35B will have during any normal deployment. Suffice it to say, without the massive support, including being able to swap in spare F-35Bs when the original test F-35B broke, the F-35B would not have been able to complete the testing. Yet, after this But that was 2015. Unfortunately over the last few years, in the opinion of watchdog groups and analysts such as the Another very famous/infamous example of test results having little to do with real-world effectiveness is the Time and time again, relying on vendor-influenced/vendor quality testing has proven to be a mistake that has cost lives and equipment, with U.S. taxpayers paying countless hundreds of billions of dollars for overbudget, unreliable, underperforming weapon systems. However, we reach a whole new level of consequence by relying on such testing when it comes to ballistic missile defense, as even one ICBM getting through can mean the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives. And having reviewed the results of many of these tests, I, along with What does this mean for the Golden Dome initiative that is being promoted? It means that while it is still a good idea, it should be presented as working towards far more limited goals. These goals include having ballistic missile defense capabilities that could protect us from a few missiles launched by rogue nuclear powers. And of course, any missile defense that creates uncertainty in the mind of a major nuclear power of what a first strike can achieve has value. But to get to a missile defense that can achieve these much more limited realistic goals, we need far more rigorous testing and evaluations of that testing conducted by those who are truly objective. And we need to get past the mindset that can get count on launching just a few interceptors per incoming ICBM, to a mindset that has us launching many, many interceptors at each incoming ICBM to ensure that we achieve a real-world 99.9 percent plus chance of successfully intercepting the city killing missile. We are a long way and many hundreds of billions of dollars away from having a system than can handle even a limited nuclear missile attack. But if a Golden Dome is developed and deployed that can with nearly 100 percent certainty shoot down a few missiles launched by a minor nuclear power like North Korea, then it is a goal worth pursuing. Sadly, given that there are many ways that an ICBM can be made harder to shoot down, other than having a system like the proposed Golden Dome capable of dealing with a few missiles launched by a rogue nuclear power headed up by a madman, we are going to have to continue depending on the doctrine of mutually assured destruction for the foreseeable future. Views expressed in this article are opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Epoch Times.
Asahi Shimbun
28-04-2025
- Business
- Asahi Shimbun
Sea of Japan defense bolstered with F-35A jets at Komatsu base
An F-35A fighter jet deployed at the Komatsu Air Base in Komatsu, Ishikawa Prefecture, on April 26 (Mizuki Sato) A ceremony was held at the Air Self-Defense Force's Komatsu Air Base in Ishikawa Prefecture on April 26 for the deployment of three F-35A stealth fighter jets there. The F-35A is the latest stealth aircraft manufactured by the United States, and the Komatsu Air Base is considered 'the key to air defense in front of the Sea of Japan' with China, Russia and North Korea in mind. 'As the only combat air wing on the Sea of Japan side, the Komatsu Air Base plays an even greater role,' Masahito Monma, commander of the ASDF's Central Air Defense Force, said at the ceremony. Before the aircraft deployment to Komatsu earlier in April, only the Misawa Air Base in Aomori Prefecture had F-35A fighters, 39 of them. To further strengthen air defenses on the Sea of Japan side, eight F-35Bs are scheduled to be deployed at Nyutabaru Air Base in Miyazaki Prefecture by the end of fiscal 2025. 'The deployment in two locations will enhance the air defense capability on the Sea of Japan side,' a senior official of Defense Ministry said. The Japanese government plans to acquire 105 conventional F-35As and 42 F-35Bs, which can be mounted on large destroyers, aiming for a system with a total of 147 aircraft. A Defense Ministry official described the F-35 as 'difficult to be detected by an opponent and capable of easily finding the opponent first.' It also has strong information processing capabilities. The Komatsu Air Base plans to replace all of its F-15 fighters with F-35As and deploy four additional F-35As by the end of fiscal 2025, bringing the total to seven. The F-35 'exchanges highly confidential operational information and requires special maintenance facilities,' a senior ASDF official said. Therefore, the F-35s were first deployed at the Misawa Air Base, where the airfield is managed by the U.S. military and maintenance facilities were already in place. (This article was written by Mizuki Sato and Daisuke Yajima.)
Yahoo
09-04-2025
- Business
- Yahoo
What Marine Corps aviation has in store over the next five years
NATIONAL HARBOR, Md. – Over the next five years Marine aviators should see more F-35s, an upgraded MV-22 Osprey fleet, a larger fleet of cargo aircraft and data-enabled predictive aircraft maintenance. That's the vision Deputy Commandant for Aviation Lt. Gen. Bradford Gering shared Tuesday at the Navy League's annual Sea-Air-Space Exposition. 'So, what does modernization look like in the Marine Corps? It's an all-fifth-gen tactical air force of F-35s augmented by collaborative combat aircraft,' Gering said. 'It's a full fleet of CH-53K helicopters for the heavy lift mission.' Gering added that the MV-22 program will have finished its platform midlife upgrades over the remainder of the next five-year budget cycle. AI, advanced tech central to new Marine Corps aviation plan Also involved in the Corps' aviation wing will be its drone fleet of MQ-9 Reapers, which are flying today. Those will eventually see major payload and sensor upgrades, Gering said. On the larger side of the aviation equation, the Corps expects to complete purchasing of the 95 total KC-130J cargo planes it needs for its transport fleet. Two training squadrons and nine operational squadrons are now flying the F-35 Lightning II jet, a fifth-generation fighter. Over the next five years the Corps will build another seven active duty squadrons, which will be supplemented by two Reserve squadrons. At the end of the F-35 transition there will be 18 active squadrons, a dozen flying the F-35B and six flying the F-35C. The two Reserve squadrons will fly the C variant, which is built for aircraft carrier takeoff and landing. The B variant can conduct vertical takeoff and landing. Gering said the Corps also wants to be able to maintain and close kill webs and all enemy air assets through an airborne command and control and an 'aviation ground support structure that is scalable and can conduct expeditionary operations and work in a distributed aviation environment.' In its aviation plan, released in January, the Corps provided more details on its airborne assets. The Marines shifted their F-35 plans to buy more carrier-based F-35Cs and fewer short takeoff and vertical landing F-35Bs. The total number of Joint Strike Fighters the service plans to buy remains 420. The Corps will eventually fly 280 F-35Bs and 140 F-35Cs, more than doubling the number of F-35Cs included in the 2022 plan, which called for 353 F-35Bs and 67 F-35Cs.
Telegraph
14-02-2025
- Business
- Telegraph
The US Marines are prioritising the non-jumpjet version of the F-35 stealth jet
Without much fanfare, the US Marine Corps made a critical decision recently – one that should boost the ability of its fighter squadrons to wage a major air war in the western Pacific region. With the stroke of a pen, the Corps significantly altered the mix of Lockheed Martin F-35 stealth fighter variants it's acquiring. Instead of buying 353 vertical-landing F-35Bs and just 67 carrier-capable tailhook F-35Cs as previously planned, now the Marines will buy 280 F-35Bs and 140 F-35Cs: enough for 12 F-35B squadrons and eight F-35C squadrons, each with 12 jets. The Corps announced the change in the latest edition of its annual aviation plan. There are already around 180 F-35Bs and 50 F-35Cs in USMC service. More of the $100-million, supersonic planes arrive every year from Lockheed's Texas factory. The F-35B was designed to operate from the US Navy's 800-foot amphibious assault ships which don't have catapults or arrester wires and so require jump-jet capability; the F-35C was always meant to fly from the fleet's 1,000-foot aircraft carriers. The F-35C, also in service with the US Navy, boasts a bigger wing, more fuel capacity and more capacious weapons bays than the F-35B, which must accommodate a downward-blasting engine driven fan and other heavy, bulky equipment that lends it its vertical landing capability. The F-35C is also cheaper to buy and to operate, being less complex. The Marine Corps embarks fighter detachments, or even whole squadrons, aboard both ship types – and also deploys both the F-35B and F-35C for operations from austere bases on land. Early on, the Marines planned to equip just a few squadrons with F-35Cs in order to honor a longstanding agreement with the Navy to integrate Marine jets with Navy carrier air wings for occasional front-line carrier cruises. The F-35B, not the F-35C, was going to define Marine air power through the 2020s and beyond. But the changing balance of power in the western Pacific clearly changed the Marines' thinking. After a generation of breakneck modernization, the Chinese air force and navy now match – if not exceed – the US Air Force and US maritime services in key metrics. The Chinese have more warships and more twin-engine stealth fighters. In the event of war with China, the Marines expect a hard fight for control of the air over the Taiwan Strait and the 'first island chain' stretching from Japan to The Philippines. What one Marine squadron leader described as the 'time-distance-fuel problem' complicates US planning. There are precious few US bases within unrefuelled fighter range of the likeliest battlefields around Taiwan. The main one, Kadena air base in Okinawa – 470 miles from Taiwan – is expected to come under heavy bombardment by Chinese missiles in the opening hours of a war in the region. To avoid concentrating their warplanes at one vulnerable base, the Pentagon plans to disperse the planes across a network of austere island airstrips. But few would be closer to the action than Kadena. An F-35B ranges just 500 miles with bombs and missiles in its internal bays. An F-35C ranges farther: perhaps as far as 600 miles. The F-35C's extra range helps mitigate the time-distance-fuel problem – and may partially explain the Marines' growing fondness for the type. But the greater volume of the F-35C's weapons bays might be even more attractive to the Corps than the extra range. The F-35 is stealthiest when it carries all its munitions internally. In its stealthiest mode, the F-35B carries just four AIM-120 medium-range air-to-air missiles. The F-35C can, with a few planned tweaks, pack six AIM-120s internally. The F-35C can fit the new AGM-88G anti-radar missile in its bays; the F-35B can't. In shifting to the F-35C, the Marine Corps is signalling its concern over the growing sophistication of Chinese forces in the western Pacific – and also its intention to meet those Chinese forces with its best planes flying from the most secure bases with the best weapons carried in the stealthiest mode. The Marines are, in other words, taking no chances.
