Latest news with #MorrillAct
Forbes
5 days ago
- Science
- Forbes
STEM Toys: Higher Education Becomes Child's Play
Growing up in mid-century America school was about work, often drudgery. Play happened on playgrounds except for those of us 'visiting' the principal's office. Today, with the advent of STEM learning, play found its way into classrooms and after class clubs. STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) and STEAM (adding Arts) has a rich and fascinating history that reflects shifts in education, technology, and cultural values, and traces back to the Morrill Act of 1862. The STEM movement gained thrust in the 1950's with the advent of the 'space race' and inauguration of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958. The scientific achievements of the next three decades from the moon landing, the artificial heart, personal computing, and cell phones all yielded a call for enhanced science education. From SMET to STEM to STEAM The call was answered by the National Science Foundation (NSF) which established guidelines for the teaching of science, math, engineering, and technology in grades K-12, introducing the acronym SMET. However, educators and policymakers found the term awkward and unappealing — even suggesting it sounded like 'smut.' So, in 2001 the NSF officially rebranded the initiative STEM, and more recently STEAM, as 'Art' was added. The early twentieth century spawned three iconic toys promoting interest in engineering including the Erector Set (1913), Tinker Toys (1914), and Lincoln Logs (1916). The latter, invented by John Lloyd Wright, son of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright, were among the first toys to be marketed to both boys and girls selling over one hundred million sets worldwide. By the 1950's plastics began to populate the toy chest expanding access to educational play, aka 'edutainment.' This was brought home, both literally and figuratively, when my captivation over my first haircut led my father to a failed search for a toy-like barbershop kit. This set the stage for midwestern entrepreneurs and twin-brothers Al and Lou Stein (my father and uncle) to file patent and trademark application for 'Hippity Hop Barber Shop,' a life-like six-piece plastic barber shop play kit. In 1951, Hippity Hop debuted at the New York Toy Fair and was featured as an 'Educational Toy for Children from Two to Twelve.' The red-white-and blue packaging boasted the toy's 'Durable, Pliable, Acetate Plastic' while stating 'HARMLESS…WILL NOT CUT HAIR.' In 1958, a relatively unknown maker of wooden toys from the town of Billund, Denmark patented and introduced modular plastic building blocks inspiring problem solving through construction. Now, 1.1 trillion 'bricks' later, LEGO is considered the most valuable toy brand on the planet while also becoming the leading STEAM product producer. It is estimated that between 20-30 percent of LEGO's over $10 billion annual sales comes from educational products widely used in classrooms, competitions, and home learning. STEAM kits began making their way into K–12 classrooms in the early 2000's. But their widespread adoption accelerated around 2010–2015, driven by federal initiatives like Educate to Innovate (2009) and 'Race to the Top' which encouraged schools to invest in STEAM resources. Besides LEGO, companies like Sphero and Thames & Kosmos began tailoring products for classroom use. Next, makerspaces and project-based learning gained traction bringing STEAM toys into elementary schools. In 2024 the market size for STEAM toys and kits was estimated to be $6 billion and is expected to more than double in a decade. The drivers behind this growth include smart STEAM kits using AI and machine learning, subscription models, and online retail. With continued STEAM market maturation, category segmentation, and broad user age range it is difficult to predict which brands will become tomorrow's leaders or laggards. That said, here's an overview of the key product categories along with STEAM sector standouts: Besides the major players, STEAM toys, kits, and teaching methodologies have spawned countless smaller niche manufacturers worldwide. Yet, 70 to 80 percent of the world's toys are still being manufactured in China, as China's infrastructure and expertise make it the go-to hub for toy manufacturing. Within China's Guangdong Province, Shenzhen is known as the 'maker's dream city' housing over 5,000 toy factories — the largest such concentration in China. The city specializes in electronic toys, STEAM kits, plush toys, and custom collectibles, serving both domestic and global markets. Some began as 'cottage industries' in homes selling to schools and school systems before gaining traction and developing wholesale distribution. I was recently introduced to one such Shenzhen based STEAM kit brand, ACEBOTT, which has a particularly fascinating backstory and one I found somewhat reminiscent of my own family's 'Hippity Hop' gambit, albeit from a more principled origin. The journey into STEAM education for ACEBOTT founder and CEO Ring Huang began with deep personal motivation. As both a mother and an educator Ring Huang was frustrated by the lack of engaging, accessible tools to instruct her students about coding and technology. That frustration sparked a mission: to create hands-on kits that would make learning STEAM fun, intuitive, and empowering for kids everywhere. Ring Huang launched ACEBOTT in 2013 with a vision of helping young learners explore the 'Code Forest'—a metaphor for the vast adventurous world of coding and innovation. Under her leadership, ACEBOTT has grown into a global brand with strong presence in classrooms, maker spaces, and homes around the world. ACEBOTT tout's a curriculum-first approach, supported by the fact that their R&D team is comprised of engineers with strong STEAM education backgrounds. Ring Haung states 'We design products from a teacher's perspective, building around what students need to learn, not just what's fun to build.' ACEBOTT offers three distinct product lines each targeting a specific audience: Their curriculum-focused education series offers a 6-year progressive STEAM system designed to align with real-world applications such as Smart Home, Transportation, and Factory, making it easy for schools to adopt. I found ACEBOTT's eco-friendly wooden materials used in their STEAM kits to be a refreshing brand differentiator. This is depicted in an online case study of a German elementary school using ACECode Blockly to explore key smart home systems in a beginner-friendly visual programming platform. ACEBOTT has a growing client base in Europe and is continuing to expand globally. STEAM brands and products are being sourced online, in big boxes stores like Walmart and Target, and through a vast network of specialty toy stores, worldwide. However, it's my belief that independent specialty toy retailers are particularly well suited to prosper in the category given their emphasis on customer service and devotion to staff training. And ASTRA can become their North Star. The American Specialty Toy Retailing Association (ASTRA) focuses on independent toy retailers and specialty manufacturers and promotes creative play and educational toys. It also offers networking, trade shows, and advocacy. Additionally, Women in Toys, Licensing & Entertainment (WIT) supports women across the toy, licensing, and entertainment industries and offers mentorship, leadership development, and industry recognition. Additionally, The Toy Association, founded in 1916 as the Toy Manufacturers of America, Inc., publishes detailed reports like 'Decoding STEAM' to help manufacturers, educators, and parents understand and promote STEAM learning through play. This makes The Toy Association not just a general industry body, but a strategic ally for companies like ACEBOTT that are deeply invested in educational impact and hands-on learning.
Miami Herald
19-06-2025
- Business
- Miami Herald
HBCU reaches near $100 million deal with state
Tennessee State University (TSU), a proud public Historically Black College and University (HBCU), has reached an agreement with the State of Tennessee to reallocate $96 million over the next three years for operational support. The funds were originally designated for deferred maintenance but will now strengthen day-to-day university operations. Part of $250 million commitment to the HBCU In April 2022, the State of Tennessee allocated $250 million to TSU for infrastructure and capital projects. So far, $99 million has gone toward deferred maintenance. With this agreement, $96 million will now address operational priorities. The remaining $55 million will fund capital upgrades, including $33 million for campus electrical systems and $22 million for new buildings for Food and Animal & Environmental Science programs in the College of Agriculture. State Officials Endorse the Agreement Tennessee Department of Finance and Administration Commissioner Jim Bryson called the agreement "an opportunity to solve [TSU's] financial challenges and regain its legacy as one of our nation's great, historic institutions of higher education." Comptroller Jason Mumpower added, "Investing in education is investing in Tennessee's future." He emphasized the state's ongoing commitment to TSU and said, "I signed this agreement because I have confidence in TSU's current leadership team and their ability to understand and navigate the institution's challenges." TSU Leadership Focused on Long-Term Impact Interim President Dwayne Tucker described the agreement as a "transformational opportunity." He said it "provides crucial cash flow to ensure the university's financial sustainability" and allows TSU to "invest in enriching the student experience and strengthening our capacity to attract both students and qualified employees." Board of Trustees Chair Dakasha Winton stated, "The support from the State to reallocate these funds underscores our commitment to providing a top-tier education and the necessary resources to cultivate global leaders." HBCU one of many chronically underfunded TSU is Tennessee's only public land-grant HBCU, created under the 1890 Morrill Act to serve Black students. Federal law requires states to match federal funds to HBCUs, but Tennessee has fallen short. A 2007 state study found TSU was underfunded by $544 million between 1957 and 2007. A federal review in 2023 expanded that figure, estimating a $2.1 billion shortfall from 1987 to 2020. While it doesn't address the long-term shortfall, this funding reallocation marks a significant step toward addressing that gap for the HBCU. The post HBCU reaches near $100 million deal with state appeared first on HBCU Gameday. Copyright HBCU Gameday 2012-2025
The Guardian
27-02-2025
- Politics
- The Guardian
An uncertain future for agricultural students at Black colleges after Trump cuts: ‘a clear attack'
Dr Marcus Bernard was shocked to learn last week that the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) had suspended the 1890 National Scholars program that funds undergraduate students' education in agriculture or related fields at about 20 historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Bernard is dean of the college of agriculture, health and natural resources at one of those institutions, Kentucky State University. At Kentucky State, close to 40 of the scholars have enrolled since the project's inception in 1992. Nationwide, the program has supported more than 800 students, according to the USDA. The 1890 scholarships have created a pipeline for rural and underrepresented students to pursue studies in fields such as animal science, botany, horticulture, nutrition and forestry. Upon graduation, they're placed in USDA positions around the nation. The news of the program's suspension – explained in a single sentence that briefly sat atop the program's USDA page – sparked a flurry of inquiries at Kentucky State. Bernard said the university had been notified that incoming fall 2025 scholarship selectees would not be funded. Without the federal funds, Kentucky State couldn't pay for those students' education or continue current students' scholarships. Bernard, anxious students and families got some small relief late Monday when the program reopened – a change noted on the website. It said that applications for the scholarship, which gives full rides to the institutions created from federal lands, would be accepted until 15 March. However, the future of the scholarship remains unclear as much of the funding that supports the students' research and fieldwork has been halted. The reopening of the scholarship program also does not necessarily mean it will be funded, said a USDA representative who requested anonymity. The newly reopened application period was 'probably something to appease the public from all the fires that have been lit in the last week', the official said. The move to suspend the scholarships drew criticism from various sources, including the 1890 Foundation, the Association of 1890 Research Directors and the Association of Public Land-Grant Universities. In a statement, the representative Alma Adams of North Carolina called the suspension 'a clear attack on an invaluable program that makes higher education accessible for everybody, and provides opportunities for students to work at USDA, especially in the critical fields of food safety, agriculture, and natural resources that Americans rely on every single day. This program is a correction to a long history of racial discrimination within the land-grant system, not an example of it. I demand USDA immediately rescind this targeted and mean-spirited suspension and reinstate the 1890 Scholars Program.' The participating universities had been founded as part of the second Morrill Act that in 1890 gave federal lands to establish historically Black colleges that specialized in agricultural and vocational education. Alvin Lumpkin was an 1890 South Carolina State University scholar who graduated in 2012. He started as an education major but switched during his sophomore year to study family and consumer studies under the department of agriculture and environmental sciences. He then became eligible to participate in the 1890 program. While he had various experiences as a scholar, one of his most memorable experiences was being a student firefighter. The 1890 Land Grant Institution Wildland Fire Consortium convened students from across the land-grant universities to obtain basic firefighting training skills and were placed in small towns across the south. 'It was students from Alcorn [State University], Fort Valley [State University], South Carolina [State University], and we all went down to [Florida A&M University]. And it was just a beautiful thing to have people from all different fields of study come together and train together,' said Lumpkin. Lumpkin worked for a month with the National Forest Service in Mount Rogers national recreation area. He gained skills in water sampling and treatment; rescue efforts; and strategic field burns, an Indigenous practice of controlled, intentional fire. 'We were on four-wheelers and torched sides of the mountain to burn vegetation so that when lightning strikes, it would not cause a fire,' said Lumpkin. For Kermit Shockley, being an 1890 scholar at Florida A&M broadened his understanding of what was possible for him. As an engineering major, he prepared trails and bridges across the Appalachian Trail during his summers. Alongside Lumpkin, he learned how to lay gravel, clear paths, administer first aid and patrol the forest to act as the first eyes for law enforcement. Lumpkin and Shockley responded to natural disasters such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the largest accidental marine-based spill in history. 'It was not a 'stand back and watch' moment. It was a 'let me show you, make your mistakes, and let me teach you,'' said Shockley. With the recent mass termination of thousands of National Forest Service and National Park Service workers, 1890 scholars may be relied upon again to help fill the gaps. Both men went into public-service careers. After graduation, Shockley went to work for the Department of Defense at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, decommissioning buildings used to enrich uranium during the second world war. Lumpkin's exposure to law enforcement as an 1890 scholar led him to become an officer with the South Carolina department of juvenile justice. He is now an assistant principal in the Sumter, South Carolina, school district. Lumpkin stressed that the impact on the larger 1890 ecosystem will be profound. 'There's so many programs that are going to be affected by not having 1890 scholars doing research in these communities,' he said. Other education programs have been affected by cuts. Across the 19 land-grant universities, agricultural research and urban agriculture grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and workforce training funding from the USDA's Next Generation of Agriculturalists (NextGen) program have been paused. 'All of this is going to be affected until grants have been unfrozen or until we know whether the grants will be cut completely,' said the USDA official. Aside from the scholarship program, Kentucky State is grappling with another huge loss. Last month, the university was awarded a $1.2m research grant from the 1890 Foundation with funding through the National Forest Service to launch a comprehensive project to increase the tree canopy across Louisville to reduce the impacts of urban heat stress. The funding also prompted the university to launch a robust urban-forestry program. Last week, the university was officially notified that the grant had been terminated. Defunding the 1890 National Scholars program stands to hurt Kentucky and the larger southern region, where most land-grant universities are located, said Bernard: 'We are in communities across the state doing programs that are helping farmers, helping our rural communities, and providing assistance to disaster victims and more.'
Yahoo
09-02-2025
- Business
- Yahoo
University of Tennessee plays critical role in developing the state's workforce
Tennessee is growing, and with that growth come opportunities − and challenges. The University of Tennessee exists to serve the people of this great state, and today our role has never been more vital. From addressing workforce shortages to advancing cutting-edge innovation, UT is at the forefront of ensuring Tennessee thrives. More than 60% of UT's 450,000 alumni live and work in Tennessee, contributing to every corner of our state. As the largest producer of the state's workforce, we're training the next generation of health care professionals, educators, engineers and more. This is why we've set an ambitious goal of enrolling 71,000 students across our campuses by 2030 −because, for Tennessee to grow, UT must grow too. Tennessee's economy has made a remarkable recovery in the wake of the pandemic, but we are still facing labor gaps because we don't have enough workers with the right skills and education for those jobs. According to an annual economic report from the University of Tennessee's Boyd Center for Business and Economic Research, Tennessee has roughly 165,000 job openings across the state in key industries such as teaching, nursing and manufacturing. Together these industries make up about 25% of our state's economy, and each is expected to see employment growth this year. That's why it's crucial that Tennessee continues to invest in building a workforce that can meet the needs of today and the future. Opinion: University of Tennessee offers right fit for students from Knoxville to Memphis Rooted in the legacy of the Morrill Act, which established land-grant universities like UT to expand access to education and drive economic growth, our mission remains as vital today as it was then. However, our greatest challenge in fulfilling this mission is addressing the critical infrastructure needs that will allow us to continue leading Tennessee into the future. The University of Tennessee System spans an impressive 31 million square feet across 1,016 buildings − more space than all the state's locally governed institutions (Austin Peay, ETSU, MTSU, Tennessee State, Tennessee Tech and the University of Memphis) combined. However, the challenge lies in the age of our facilities. With an average building age of 47 years, nearly 30% of our buildings are over 60 years old, and 28 have stood for a century or more. These aging facilities are a testament to UT's legacy, but they also highlight the urgent need for modern infrastructure to meet the demands of today's students and tomorrow's workforce. Investing in upgrades and expansions isn't just about maintaining our footprint − it's about securing UT's ability to lead Tennessee into the future. The UT System is proud to play a vital role in educating and upskilling Tennesseans, attracting more students than ever, and preparing the next generation to thrive in high-demand and high-need industries. We are deeply grateful for the many partnerships and collaborations we share across the state, which makes this progress possible. Together, with continued support and investment, we can fill critical workforce needs and build a brighter, stronger future for Tennessee. Randy Boyd is the president of the University of Tennessee system. This article originally appeared on Nashville Tennessean: Tennessee gets a large part of its workforce from UT | Opinion
Yahoo
28-01-2025
- Politics
- Yahoo
10 states fund prisons using stolen Indigenous lands
Steven Amos feels hopeful for once. He's finishing a drug and alcohol treatment program, living in a halfway house, and working a new job, doing carpentry. 'I love anything outdoors,' he said. 'I'm happy I'm not locked up.' A member of the Northern Arapaho Tribe, Amos, age 53, grew up with the snow-capped Rocky Mountains set like a painting behind his childhood home in Ethete, Wyoming, on the Wind River reservation. He loved hunting and fishing along the Little Wind River, but his family — as well as many Wind River neighbors — had no running water, sometimes no electricity, or enough to eat. The reservation's stunning landscape conceals more than a century of theft and neglect by the United States, whose officials stole Arapaho land, then doled it out to ranchers, real estate moguls, miners, and public institutions, while forcing the tribal nation to scrape together a future any way it could. One of Amos's most searing childhood memories is watching police beat up his father. 'They call it generational trauma,' he said, 'It keeps going and going and going, and people don't want to confront that. They want to sweep it under the rug.' He received his first prison sentence when he was 19 years old, and drifted in and out of jails and prisons for decades after that. Some of the carceral facilities where Amos was sent are paid for, in part, with Arapaho land and resources, through activities like oil and gas extraction and cattle grazing. To build America, the U.S. government enacted laws to redistribute Indigenous lands they had taken. Some land was given to individuals and corporations to build homes or private empires, through laws like the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Act, while the Morrill Act offered up freshly seized land as capital for states to establish what became known as land grant universities. Separately, the legislation that transformed frontier territories into states — known as Enabling Acts — contained handouts of land that state governments could use to pay for public institutions. Those offerings are generally called state trust lands and continue to be used to fund public institutions, mostly K-12 schools, but also universities, hospitals, and penitentiaries. Read Next The extractive industries filling public university coffers on stolen land Tristan Ahtone, Robert Lee, Amanda Tachine, An Garagiola, Audrianna Goodwin, Maria Parazo Rose, & Clayton Aldern Last year, in Wyoming alone, nearly 409,000 acres of former and current Arapaho, Shoshone, Goshute, Bannock, Crow, Cheyenne, and Sioux land now held by the state as state trust lands, produced at least $8 million in revenue for the Department of Corrections. At least 200 acres of land inside the boundaries of the Wind River Reservation are also earmarked to provide revenue for corrections. Grist has identified nearly 2 million acres of state trust lands — an area larger than the state of Delaware and broken into more than 20,000 surface and subsurface parcels scattered across the western U.S. — that are reserved for state prison systems in 10 states. In 2024, those state trust lands disbursed an estimated $33 million in funding to carceral facilities and programs. In reality, the figure is likely higher, as officials in Wyoming and Utah did not respond to requests for updated financial data for this story. North Dakota, Utah, Montana, and Idaho all use trust lands to fund detention facilities and systems for children. The land was taken from 57 Indigenous nations, through 71 land cessions, some of which are still contested to this day. Clayton Aldern / Grist / Ales Krivec / Unsplash Clayton Aldern / Grist / Ales Krivec / Unsplash To acquire those lands, the U.S. paid less than $1.5 million to tribes through legal treaty agreements. However, more than a third of the lands were taken through military action with no reimbursement to Indigenous nations for their stolen territories. 'There's a direct link between incarceration and the history of land theft our communities have endured,' said Sunny Red Bear, a member of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe and associate director of organizing for NDN Collective. 'Our ancestral lands were taken, disrupting our traditional ways of life and governance. Displacement led to economic hardship and social challenges that have made our communities more vulnerable to the criminal justice system.' Across the U.S., Indigenous people are incarcerated at a rate four times higher than white people, according to the Prison Policy Initiative, a non-profit research organization dedicated to addressing over-criminalization. In South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana, about a quarter or more of the state prison population is Indigenous, even though Native people make up less than a tenth of each state's population. Nationally, Native youth are incarcerated at a higher rate than Hispanic, Asian, and white people combined. Read Next How schools, hospitals, and prisons in 15 states profit from land and resources on 79 tribal nations Anna V. Smith & Maria Parazo Rose 'The priorities are not to build treatment centers; they're not to help with the healing our communities are needing,' said Red Bear, who has helped lead efforts to pressure officials in Rapid City, South Dakota to address discriminatory policing. 'The redirecting of these funds could be used for so many different things including affordable housing, or substance abuse programs, or mental health programs, or youth programs, or restorative justice programs or reentry programs.' South Dakota Corrections spokesperson Michael Winder said that the department already remits the trust-land disbursements to the state general fund. A spokesperson for the Wyoming Department of Corrections indicated the agency is not responsible for the over-representation of Native people among its prisoners. 'Regardless of one's ethnicity, the Wyoming Department of Corrections does not arrest, commit or release any citizens,' wrote Stephanie Dack in an email. Although funds coming from state trust lands make up a fraction of corrections department budgets that range in the hundreds of millions, for resource-strapped tribal governments, they represent significant sums. Most tribal governments have their own justice systems — yet the money generated from trust lands only benefits state-run institutions, which are outside of tribal control. Total ceded acres earmarked to benefit incarceration Tribal acreage State acreage Total acres represent the combined surface, subsurface, and timber rights falling within each Royce cession boundary. *South Dakota Department of Corrections remits their revenue disbursement to the state general fund. Source: Grist / U.S. Forest Service Chart: Clayton Aldern / Grist Where a crime is committed defines where an Indigenous person will be sent to serve a jail or prison sentence. In some states, like Wyoming and South Dakota, courts send tribal citizens to state prisons when their crimes are committed off-reservation. If committed on reservation, that person can end up in a tribal or federal detention center. In other words, the justice systems that send tribal citizens to state prisons operate with little influence from tribal nations. 'There's so many people on this reservation afflicted by addiction and trauma that's caused by the government coming in and taking our land,' said Terri Smith, who is in charge of the new Northern Arapaho Reentry Agency, which works with Northern Arapaho peoples who are reestablishing their lives after incarceration. The agency began accepting clients, including Steven Amos, in August. 'If money is being generated off those lands, it should go back to those original tribes and help them become healthier people.' Smith, who was formerly incarcerated herself, said Amos's experience isn't unique. Most people from Wind River who are released from prison end up going back. Sometimes it's a matter of access to basic resources, like transportation or gas money to traverse Wind River's vast approximately 3,500-square mile expanse. Smith said, '80 percent of my job is giving people rides.' Leading up to the 20th century, the federal government used threats of military violence, starvation and kidnapping to coerce and steal land from Indigenous nations. Native people were initially thrown into U.S. prisons as punishment for fighting that theft. Land grabs and imprisonment often went hand-in-hand, while treaties and Indian policy at times included language bringing tribal members under the jurisdiction of the U.S. or states' criminal law. Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policies in the 1830s, for example, were fulfilled in part by the Georgia militia, who rounded up and imprisoned Cherokee people who refused to abandon their land. The Arapaho peoples once lived across a wide territory that included what is currently Wyoming, South Dakota, and Colorado. In the 1860s, officials pressured some tribal members into signing away swaths of their land in order to accommodate an influx of gold miners and to make way for Colorado to be established as a territory and Kansas as a state. In the 1870s, 74 Arapaho, Kiowa, Cheyenne, Comanche, and Caddo people, including several who survived the Sand Creek Massacre, were imprisoned at Fort Marion in Florida, as punishment for their rebellion during the Red River War, which was fought to repel U.S. forces from the Southern Plains. The Northern Arapaho were eventually pushed onto the Wind River reservation in present-day Wyoming, occupied already by the Eastern Shoshone, with whom they had recently been at war. 'One way to think about these kinds of transitions in containment is as part of a continuum of war on Indigenous people to remove them from land,' said Shiri Pasternak, an associate professor in criminology at Toronto Metropolitan University , who helped develop an Indigenous Abolitionist Study Guide for the Yellowhead Institute, an Indigenous-led research and education center. Laws designed to forcibly contain Indigenous peoples continued to evolve. For nearly a century, being an Indigenous person essentially became illegal. With the passage of the Indian Religious Crimes Code in 1883, Indigenous people faced incarceration if they practiced their religions. The first Indian Boarding School, Carlisle, was founded after Lieutenant Richard Pratt experimented with using militarized education to assimilate the prisoners of war at Fort Marion. The prison provided a model for the network of schools built to strip children of their language, culture, and family connections. Those boarding schools have become the subject of investigation and scrutiny in both the United States and Canada in recent years. 'You get to the horizon and you see the result, the impact, the outcome of centuries of state violence reflected in the prison population,' said Pasternak. About 172,000 acres of Northern Arapaho land is now earmarked for carceral beneficiaries across Wyoming, South Dakota, and Colorado. In Colorado, some of the Northern Arapaho acreage that makes up the state's Penitentiary Trust is physically occupied by two prisons: Limon and Sterling. In Wyoming, it accounts for a portion of the trust land funds that go to state prisons — the rest was taken from the Crow, Goshute, Shoshone, Bannock, Cheyenne, and Sioux nations. States generate revenue on these trust lands by leasing acreage out to extractive industries like oil and gas projects, mining, grazing, timber harvesting, renewable energy development. Over half of the trust land that funds prisons, a total of over 1.1 million acres, are used for subsurface activities, including fossil fuel extraction, accelerating climate change and its impacts. At the same time, the unequal representation of Native people in prisons means that tribal citizens will be disproportionately impacted by the climate crisis. People in prisons tend to be particularly vulnerable to extreme weather. During storms and wildfires, prisoners are often left behind as communities evacuate. Flooding can create fetid conditions, while wildfire smoke exacerbates asthma. Power outages at times leave people trapped in cells with overflowing toilets, poor ventilation, and a lack of food and water. Idaho has one of the highest numbers of state-run carceral facilities facing extreme wildfire risk, according to a 2022 analysis by the Intercept. Its prisoners are even sent to fight the fires for at most $1.50 per hour. In 2024, trust lands provided over $5 million to Idaho's prisons. Heat is the most pervasive climate risk factor for prisoners, who disproportionately experience health conditions or take medications that make them sensitive to high temperatures. None of the states that receive trust land funds have fully air conditioned prisons, according to a 2022 analysis by USA Today, though some use a combination of air conditioning and swamp coolers, which don't work well in humid weather. That means that when temperatures spike, people die. A two-day heat wave in the west means a mortality increase of 8.6 percent in prisons, according to a recent academic paper. Of the state corrections departments that use trust land to pay for prisons, only Arizona, which took in $2.3 million in trust revenue last year, has facilities located in places that experience 50 or more days annually of heat indexes over 90 degrees. By 2100, with slow action on climate, state detention facilities in South Dakota, Idaho, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico will see similar levels of heat. To address worsening heat, deteriorating buildings, and other issues like overcrowding, some state governments are making major investments in detention facility infrastructure. 'Instead of looking deeper into root causes of why our mothers and aunties and grandmothers are being incarcerated, what they're doing is building more prisons and expanding our jails,' said Red Bear from NDN Collective. Pasternak, the criminology professor, pointed out that prisons do more than put people away. 'Prisons are a highly productive form of revenue for states because they bring in funding and jobs. Criminalization empowers a whole network of actors within society,' she said. However, there are alternatives. She added, 'If the state, instead of collecting that rent to pay for prisons, was doing something different, in a way where those revenues could be shared back to Indigenous people, we'd have a different economy.' During Steven Amos's time in South Dakota's state penitentiary, known as The Hill, violence reigned, and the summers were so hot he'd sleep on the floor. Amos' time at The Hill began with an arrest in Rapid City, South Dakota, where the Oglala Sioux Tribe recently demanded a U.S. Department of Justice investigation into discriminatory policing. State prison sentences often begin in reservation border towns and nearby communities with reputations for discriminatory policing. Amos was also arrested in Riverton, Wyoming, which sits in the middle of the Wind River Reservation but is not tribal land due to court rulings that have removed the town from tribal control. Terri Smith, with the Northern Arapaho Reentry Agency, said most of her clients on Wind River who spent time in state prison, including Amos, were arrested in border towns like Riverton. 'I see the effects that these forced policies on Natives have caused — putting us on these reservations, genocide, assimilation policies,' she said. Returning Arapaho resources to the nation, she continued, would be a better use of the funds currently paying to incarcerate its members. For now, Amos is doing his best to focus on stability. Smith's reentry program helped him get tools needed for his job. He plans to build a home for his daughter one day. 'Sometimes you get stuck in a hopeless situation, and it's hard to get out if you don't have support and something to look forward to,' he said. For now, though, he feels strong. 'I look forward to every day.' This story was originally published by Grist with the headline 10 states fund prisons using stolen Indigenous lands on Jan 28, 2025.
