Latest news with #PCOS
Yahoo
10 hours ago
- Entertainment
- Yahoo
Jennifer Lawrence, Sophie Turner, And 15 More Celebrities Who Got SUPER Real About Periods And Hormones
I remember the shock of getting my first period, and my mom reassuring me at the time by telling me that pretty much every woman you see walking down the street experiences periods, too. But, being the pop culture-obsessed pre-teen I was, my mind went straight to my favorite celebrities: 'Wow, they get periods too!' And well, I was right. Even the most famous women in the world experience periods, hormones, and all the ups and downs that come with having a uterus. So, without further ado, here's a roundup of some celebs who've been refreshingly honest about their periods — because, as these ladies prove, it's really nothing to be ashamed of! Hadid Speaking to British Vogue in May, Bella, who has endometriosis, got real about the difficulties of working on her period. 'You're shooting Victoria's Secret on your period, with endo,' she said. 'That should be illegal,' she continued. 'I'm going to talk to the White House about it, because we should literally ban women working on the week of their period. And the week before, to be honest.' Honestly, I agree. The week before my period is HELL. Winslet We all know the struggle of getting your period when you're meant to be getting in a pool — now imagine you're getting into that pool with Leonardo DiCaprio and filming Titanic. 'I'm not saying it was all happy-clappy. There were days when you'd just think, 'Oh, my God, I've got my period and I can't get in that freezing-cold water today,'' Kate told Rolling Stone in 1998. 'I remember standing up and saying to everyone, 'Listen, if it suddenly looks like Jaws, the movie, it's my fault.'' Chamberlain Emma has talked openly about her experience with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and how getting treatment for the condition 'changed [her] life.' 'My periods are so much more chill, my skin is so much more predictable,' she said during a Vogue video. 'My hair is getting thicker. It's just feeling like I'm coming back to myself in a way.' Prior to this, Emma said she'd been struggling with 'irregular periods, cystic acne, anxiety, depression, and a slew of other issues.' Dunham After years of painful periods, Lena was diagnosed with endometriosis in her late 20s. "As my teen years progressed, my periods became more and more painful until it started to really disrupt my daily life," she told Cosmopolitan in 2020. In 2018, after enduring more excruciating periods, she chose to have a hysterectomy, which is a pretty uncommon treatment for endometriosis. You can read more about the procedure here. Related: Sophie Turner Opened Up About Her "Incredibly Sad" Split From Joe Jonas Johnson Your monthly cycle is a wild ride, and Dakota knows the struggle. In 2019, she told InStyle that her hormonal changes throughout her cycle are so 'traumatic' that it's 'ruining [her] life.' 'Every month. It's unbelievable. It's really fucking amazing. I can't get a grip on it,' she said. Raisman Aly is a gymnast with six Olympic medals and knows a thing or two about getting her period at the worst time — but it's not something that she feels the need to hide. 'When you're really nervous, you have butterflies in your stomach, and you have your period — it's just not a good combination,' she shared in 2017. 'You just kind of have to just keep going …You can't tell the judges you want to compete tomorrow or wait a few days.' As for whether she'd ever free-bleed like other athletes have in the past, she said: 'I don't know if I'd have the confidence to do that,' which, IMO, is totally fair enough. Pugh Florence is another female celeb who's talked openly about being diagnosed with PCOS in her 20s. Notably, she said in 2024 that she thought her PCOS symptoms, which involve irregular periods and weight fluctuation, were just 'part of being a woman.' '[I] didn't think that it was something that is common,' she said on the SHE MD podcast. 'I really just thought that it was something that you'd feel and that you'd know you had and that it wasn't really a worry.' Related: 28 Celebs Who Never Seem To Get Canceled Despite Some Pretty Awful Behavior Lovato Demi told People in 2015 that her mom and sister were so excited when she got her first period that they threw a mini celebration. "My sister folded a poster board in half and made a card out of it, and drew pictures, and it said, 'Happy Period Day!' And she drew stick figures and kisses, and she used red markers," she said. "I have a pretty good sense of humor, so on one hand, I was totally embarrassed, and on the other, I thought it was awesome." How's that for some period positivity? Kardashian In 2019, Kourtney posted a photo on Instagram of herself and her friend Stephanie Shepherd lying on a beach in bikinis. Giving some insight into their conversation when the pic was taken, she captioned it:' 'Is my tampon string showing?' @steph_shep whispered to me. The source of life shouldn't be embarrassing or hard to talk about. Mothers, teach your sons too.' Preach it, Kourt. Kaling Ironically, Mindy felt like her first period couldn't come fast enough. "I started menstruating in ninth grade," she wrote in a 2013 essay published in Rookie: Yearbook Two. "I spent all of eighth grade faking that I had my period, down to sticking Kotex in my underwear in case anyone needed proof." Cyrus Memorably, Miley said she got her first period on the set of Hannah Montana. "It was so embarrassing, but I couldn't leave," she told Marie Claire in 2015. "And I was crying, begging my mom, 'You're going to have to put the tampon in. I have to be on set.'" Lawrence We all know the pain of having to scrap the cute outfit you had planned in your mind because of your period — now imagine that with red carpet looks. In 2016, revealed that her dress for the Golden Globes that year was actually her second choice. "That was my plan-B dress," she told Harper's Bazaar. "Plan A was a dress that I couldn't wear because awards season is synced with my menstrual cycle, and it has been for years. [The dress I wore] was loose at the front. And I didn't have to worry about sucking anything in. The other dress was really tight, and I'm not going to suck in my uterus. I don't have to do that." On your period, it's gotta be comfort over style every time! Kardashian Kim remembers her first period to the very day, which is kind of iconic. 'I got my period seeing the movie Batman for your birthday,' she previously told her sister Khloé. 'June 27th.' xcx We know Charli is never afraid to speak her mind, and earlier this year, the singer candidly told fans at her Brat tour that she'd literally just come on her period. "Sometimes you're standing on stage and you get your period right before the show and you're wearing tiny little hot pants," she sang during the "Girl, so confusing" intro. "Is my tampon string gonna stick out? Or is it gonna be OK?" Cameron Dove told Seventeen that she used to be so shy about discussing her period that she'd buy tampons with her allowance to avoid awkward conversations. "I think I didn't even tell my mom when I started my first period, because I was shy," she said in 2018. "I just didn't want to talk to anybody about my I could go back and tell myself that it was okay, I would go back and tell myself that was okay." Turner In 2018, photographs of Sophie crying on an outing with her then-fiancé, Joe Jonas, caused a stir online. At the time, the Game of Thrones star was quick to provide some context. "Lol. Thank god I have a loving fiancé. Periods are a bitch," she wrote on Twitter (now X). When someone questioned the tears, Sophie hit back, writing: "Girl…. you've never had cramps?" Relatable. Beer Madison's story about her period leaking at a Justin Bieber concert might just be the most quintessential 2010s teenage experience... ever? "In front of like 30 girls, this one girl was like, 'You're bleeding, are you okay?'" she told Seventeen. "So I look down, and I was in these little black shorts, and I looked at my mom and I literally started crying and I ran to the bathroom." Fortunately, the "sweetest old woman" was there to save the day with a pad. What a queen. More on this Bella Hadid Got Candid About Shooting Victoria's Secret Campaigns On Her Period, And I Love Her HonestyEllen Durney · May 13, 2025 A Stranger In A Hair Salon Diagnosed Emma Chamberlain With PCOS After Noticing This Specific Thing About Her Appearance — Here's How It Wound Up Changing Her LifeEllen Durney · April 24, 2025 After Opening Up About The 'Mind-Boggling Realization' That She Needed To 'Quickly' Freeze Her Eggs, Florence Pugh Gave An Update On Her 'Tiring' JourneyEllen Durney · April 15, 2025 Also in Celebrity: "I Can't Emphasize Enough How Filthy Some Of These People Are": 39 Hollywood Secrets People Have Learned From Working With Celebs Also in Celebrity: If You Think You're Smarter Than The Average Celebrity, Prove It By Correctly Answering These Questions They Got Wrong On "Jeopardy" Also in Celebrity: 12 Celebs Who Came Out At A Young Age, And 13 Who Came Out Way Later In Life
Buzz Feed
13 hours ago
- Entertainment
- Buzz Feed
17 Celebrities Who Got Refreshingly Real About Periods
I remember the shock of getting my first period, and my mom reassuring me at the time by telling me that pretty much every woman you see walking down the street experiences periods, too. But, being the pop culture-obsessed pre-teen I was, my mind went straight to my favorite celebrities: 'Wow, they get periods too!' And well, I was right. Even the most famous women in the world experience periods, hormones, and all the ups and downs that come with having a uterus. So, without further ado, here's a roundup of some celebs who've been refreshingly honest about their periods — because, as these ladies prove, it's really nothing to be ashamed of! Bella Hadid Speaking to British Vogue in May, Bella, who has endometriosis, got real about the difficulties of working on her period. 'You're shooting Victoria's Secret on your period, with endo,' she said. 'That should be illegal,' she continued. 'I'm going to talk to the White House about it, because we should literally ban women working on the week of their period. And the week before, to be honest.' Honestly, I agree. The week before my period is HELL. Kate Winslet We all know the struggle of getting your period when you're meant to be getting in a pool — now imagine you're getting into that pool with Leonardo DiCaprio and filming Titanic. 'I'm not saying it was all happy-clappy. There were days when you'd just think, 'Oh, my God, I've got my period and I can't get in that freezing-cold water today,'' Kate told Rolling Stone in 1998. 'I remember standing up and saying to everyone, 'Listen, if it suddenly looks like Jaws, the movie, it's my fault.'' Emma Chamberlain Emma has talked openly about her experience with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and how getting treatment for the condition 'changed [her] life.' 'My periods are so much more chill, my skin is so much more predictable,' she said during a Vogue video. 'My hair is getting thicker. It's just feeling like I'm coming back to myself in a way.' Prior to this, Emma said she'd been struggling with 'irregular periods, cystic acne, anxiety, depression, and a slew of other issues.' Lena Dunham After years of painful periods, Lena was diagnosed with endometriosis in her late 20s. "As my teen years progressed, my periods became more and more painful until it started to really disrupt my daily life," she told Cosmopolitan in 2020. In 2018, after enduring more excruciating periods, she chose to have a hysterectomy, which is a pretty uncommon treatment for endometriosis. You can read more about the procedure here. Dakota Johnson Your monthly cycle is a wild ride, and Dakota knows the struggle. In 2019, she told InStyle that her hormonal changes throughout her cycle are so 'traumatic' that it's 'ruining [her] life.' 'Every month. It's unbelievable. It's really fucking amazing. I can't get a grip on it,' she said. Aly Raisman Aly is a gymnast with six Olympic medals and knows a thing or two about getting her period at the worst time — but it's not something that she feels the need to hide. 'When you're really nervous, you have butterflies in your stomach, and you have your period — it's just not a good combination,' she shared in 2017. 'You just kind of have to just keep going …You can't tell the judges you want to compete tomorrow or wait a few days.' As for whether she'd ever free-bleed like other athletes have in the past, she said: 'I don't know if I'd have the confidence to do that,' which, IMO, is totally fair enough. Florence Pugh Florence is another female celeb who's talked openly about being diagnosed with PCOS in her 20s. Notably, she said in 2024 that she thought her PCOS symptoms, which involve irregular periods and weight fluctuation, were just 'part of being a woman.' '[I] didn't think that it was something that is common,' she said on the SHE MD podcast. 'I really just thought that it was something that you'd feel and that you'd know you had and that it wasn't really a worry.' Demi Lovato Demi told People in 2015 that her mom and sister were so excited when she got her first period that they threw a mini celebration. "My sister folded a poster board in half and made a card out of it, and drew pictures, and it said, 'Happy Period Day!' And she drew stick figures and kisses, and she used red markers," she said. "I have a pretty good sense of humor, so on one hand, I was totally embarrassed, and on the other, I thought it was awesome." How's that for some period positivity? Kourtney Kardashian In 2019, Kourtney posted a photo on Instagram of herself and her friend Stephanie Shepherd lying on a beach in bikinis. Giving some insight into their conversation when the pic was taken, she captioned it:' 'Is my tampon string showing?' @steph_shep whispered to me. The source of life shouldn't be embarrassing or hard to talk about. Mothers, teach your sons too.' Preach it, Kourt. Mindy Kaling Ironically, Mindy felt like her first period couldn't come fast enough. "I started menstruating in ninth grade," she wrote in a 2013 essay published in Rookie: Yearbook Two. "I spent all of eighth grade faking that I had my period, down to sticking Kotex in my underwear in case anyone needed proof." Miley Cyrus Memorably, Miley said she got her first period on the set of Hannah Montana. "It was so embarrassing, but I couldn't leave," she told Marie Claire in 2015. "And I was crying, begging my mom, 'You're going to have to put the tampon in. I have to be on set.'" Jennifer Lawrence We all know the pain of having to scrap the cute outfit you had planned in your mind because of your period — now imagine that with red carpet looks. In 2016, revealed that her dress for the Golden Globes that year was actually her second choice. "That was my plan-B dress," she told Harper's Bazaar. "Plan A was a dress that I couldn't wear because awards season is synced with my menstrual cycle, and it has been for years. [The dress I wore] was loose at the front. And I didn't have to worry about sucking anything in. The other dress was really tight, and I'm not going to suck in my uterus. I don't have to do that." On your period, it's gotta be comfort over style every time! Kim Kardashian Kim remembers her first period to the very day, which is kind of iconic. 'I got my period seeing the movie Batman for your birthday,' she previously told her sister Khloé. 'June 27th.' Charli xcx We know Charli is never afraid to speak her mind, and earlier this year, the singer candidly told fans at her Brat tour that she'd literally just come on her period. "Sometimes you're standing on stage and you get your period right before the show and you're wearing tiny little hot pants," she sang during the "Girl, so confusing" intro. "Is my tampon string gonna stick out? Or is it gonna be OK?" Dove Cameron Dove told Seventeen that she used to be so shy about discussing her period that she'd buy tampons with her allowance to avoid awkward conversations. "I think I didn't even tell my mom when I started my first period, because I was shy," she said in 2018. "I just didn't want to talk to anybody about my I could go back and tell myself that it was okay, I would go back and tell myself that was okay." Sophie Turner In 2018, photographs of Sophie crying on an outing with her then-fiancé, Joe Jonas, caused a stir online. At the time, the Game of Thrones star was quick to provide some context. "Lol. Thank god I have a loving fiancé. Periods are a bitch," she wrote on Twitter (now X). When someone questioned the tears, Sophie hit back, writing: "Girl…. you've never had cramps?" Relatable. Madison Beer Madison's story about her period leaking at a Justin Bieber concert might just be the most quintessential 2010s teenage experience... ever? "In front of like 30 girls, this one girl was like, 'You're bleeding, are you okay?'" she told Seventeen. "So I look down, and I was in these little black shorts, and I looked at my mom and I literally started crying and I ran to the bathroom." Fortunately, the "sweetest old woman" was there to save the day with a pad. What a queen.
NDTV
14 hours ago
- Health
- NDTV
Is Period Pain Normal? Here's What It Could Mean
Period pain also known as dysmenorrhea is common and often considered a normal part of menstruation, especially in teenagers and young adults. It typically occurs due to the contraction of the uterus to shed its lining, triggered by hormone-like substances called prostaglandins. However, while mild to moderate cramps are generally normal, severe or worsening pain can sometimes signal underlying health issues. Conditions like endometriosis, fibroids, or pelvic inflammatory disease may cause intense menstrual pain and require medical attention. In this article, we discuss some common causes behind period pain. This is the most common cause of period pain and is not linked to any underlying medical condition. It usually starts within a year or two of the first menstruation and is caused by high levels of prostaglandins, which make the uterus contract more forcefully. These contractions can cut off blood supply to the uterine muscle, causing cramping and discomfort, especially in the lower abdomen and back. 2. Endometriosis In this condition, the tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, such as on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or pelvic lining. These tissues thicken and bleed during the menstrual cycle just like the uterus, leading to severe pain, inflammation, and even scar tissue. The pain from endometriosis often intensifies over time and may also occur between periods or during sex. 3. Uterine fibroids Fibroids are noncancerous growths in or on the uterus that can lead to heavier and more painful periods. Their presence can distort the shape of the uterus, increase cramping, and even pressure nearby organs. Depending on their size and location, fibroids can also lead to prolonged bleeding and bloating during menstruation. 4. Adenomyosis This condition occurs when the endometrial tissue grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It causes the uterus to become enlarged and tender, resulting in intense menstrual cramps, heavy bleeding, and pelvic pressure. Adenomyosis often develops in women who have had children or are in their 30s or 40s. 5. Ovarian cysts Fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries can lead to sharp or aching pelvic pain during menstruation. Some cysts resolve on their own, while others may persist and grow, causing more discomfort. In certain cases, they can rupture or twist (ovarian torsion), leading to severe, sudden pain that requires emergency care. 6. Cervical stenosis In some women, the cervix (the opening of the uterus) is very narrow or closed, a condition known as cervical stenosis. This limits menstrual flow, causing pressure to build inside the uterus, which results in painful cramping. This condition may be congenital or develop after surgeries or infections. 7. Hormonal imbalances Irregularities in oestrogen and progesterone levels can affect how the uterus sheds its lining, often leading to more intense or irregular cramps. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or thyroid disorders can lead to hormone imbalances that worsen menstrual discomfort. In conclusion, although some discomfort during periods is expected, persistent or unusually severe pain should not be ignored, as it could point to different underlying causes. Disclaimer: This content including advice provides generic information only. It is in no way a substitute for a qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist or your own doctor for more information. NDTV does not claim responsibility for this information.
Pink Villa
15 hours ago
- Entertainment
- Pink Villa
Sara Tendulkar's daily routine is ultimate guide to calm and productive day: Coffee to Pilates
Sara Tendulkar has found her rhythm. Her daily routine blends movement, mindfulness, creativity, and quality time with loved ones. From the moment she wakes up to the time she winds down, Sara seems to embrace each part of her day with intention and care. Morning starts with coffee Her mornings begin at 8 AM with a cup of black coffee. For Sara, this is a non-negotiable ritual. The caffeine kick sets the tone and gives her the energy to power through the day. Time for Pilates By 9 AM, she's already in motion. Sara heads to her Pilates session, a workout she swears by. Pilates is popular among celebrities for a reason. It strengthens the core, improves flexibility, and supports posture. After a good sweat, she quickly shifts gears. Quick makeup and outfit change At 10:30 AM, it's time to freshen up. She does her makeup on the move and slips into something stylish but comfortable. Work mode on By 11 AM, work takes over. Her afternoons are filled with meetings and tasks, showing her focus and professional side. Pottery with friends Then comes a well-deserved break at 1 PM. Sara heads to a pottery class with friends. It's more than just fun. Pottery helps her slow down. This creative activity is known for its therapeutic effect and can help reduce stress and anxiety. Watch here: Lunch time By 2 PM, it's lunchtime. Sara keeps it healthy and filling. A nutritious lunch keeps her energized and focused through the afternoon. Work again Her day doesn't stop there. She checks in on her ongoing home renovation project and spends time working remotely with her best friend. Family time Evenings are all about family. Whether it's dinner with her mom or a quick goodbye to her brother, Sara makes time for those who matter most. She ends her day around 11 PM. Her routine shows how she balances work and wellness with personal joy. It's not just about staying busy. It's about living with purpose. Beyond the structured day, Sara Tendulkar has been open about her health journey, too. In a recent interview with Vogue India, she talked about battling PCOS. She said her skin troubles started in the seventh grade and affected her self-esteem. She tried several treatments before turning to medical help. With guidance from an endocrinologist and support from her mother, Anjali Tendulkar, Sara followed a plan that included intermittent fasting, weight training, and a balanced diet. Over time, this helped her regulate her hormones and reverse PCOS. Sara's morning now begins with water, nuts, and that must-have black coffee. She's stopped chasing detox trends and instead listens to what her body needs.
NDTV
15 hours ago
- Health
- NDTV
World No Tobacco Day 2025: Expert Explains How Tobacco Use Affects Fertility In Men And Women
Infertility is increasingly affecting both young individuals and couples at an alarming rate. While certain medical conditions and genetic factors play a role, shifts in lifestyle have emerged as a major contributor to this trend. Although some causes lie beyond one's control, many lifestyle-related factors-such as the use of tobacco in any form-are within our influence. Tobacco consumption significantly hampers fertility and has a negative impact on reproductive health in both men and women. Impact on female fertility Here's how smoking affects ovarian function: Hormonal disruption: In the body, hormone regulation is a delicate process where the secretion of one hormone influences others. The chemicals present in tobacco products, like cigarettes, interfere with the normal functioning of glands that produce reproductive hormones-namely the thyroid, hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. This interference raises levels of cortisol (the stress hormone) and testosterone (typically a male hormone) in women, both of which are linked to reduced fertility. Simultaneously, essential hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH), and prolactin decline, all of which play vital roles in female fertility. Ovarian and menstrual disorders: The hormonal imbalances caused by smoking are known to lead to various ovarian and menstrual irregularities. For instance, increased testosterone levels in women are often associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition marked by disrupted ovulation and menstrual cycles, which complicates natural conception. Reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone further contribute to irregular menstrual cycles. Moreover, a drop in AMH levels suggests a reduced reserve of healthy eggs, as smoking damages the genetic composition of gametes. Early onset of menopause: Menopause, the natural end of menstrual cycles that usually occurs in women during their late 40s or 50s, marks the depletion of viable eggs for ovulation. Smoking speeds up the deterioration of egg quality and quantity in the ovaries, often leading to premature menopause. Once menopause occurs, the possibility of natural pregnancy ceases. Impact on pregnancy Smoking affects both the initial stages of conceiving a baby and the progression of pregnancy. Pregnancy-related risks: Women who smoke are more prone to complications such as ectopic pregnancies (where the embryo implants outside the uterus), miscarriages, and spontaneous abortions. Foetal development concerns: The carbon monoxide present in cigarette smoke can harm the developing foetal central nervous system (CNS). Smoking during pregnancy also impairs growth within the womb, heightening the risk of premature delivery. Furthermore, it can negatively affect the formation of the foetus's lungs and brain. Genetic abnormalities and birth defects: Smoking negatively affects the quality of a woman's eggs, which can lead to fertilised eggs carrying genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome. Women who smoke during pregnancy are also at greater risk of giving birth to babies with congenital defects like cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Postnatal complications: Babies born to mothers who smoke often have lower birth weights, even if carried to full term. As they grow, these children face an increased risk of developing chronic health conditions, including obesity, diabetes, asthma, and cardiovascular disease. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, women who use tobacco are twice as likely to experience infertility compared to non-smokers. They also have a higher incidence of ectopic pregnancies and preterm births. Tobacco use not only harms the health of women but also has serious consequences for their future children. Smoking during pregnancy can hinder foetal growth and lead to long-term health issues in children, such as asthma, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes. Impact on male fertility: In men, smoking impairs both the genetic integrity and physical structure of sperm, and can also lead to erectile dysfunction, making it more difficult to conceive. The Journal of Andrology reports that men who smoke are twice as likely to experience erectile dysfunction. Furthermore, smoking has been linked to sperm DNA damage and increased miscarriage risk. Tobacco products introduce cancer-causing chemicals and heavy metals like cadmium and lead into the body, both of which are known to harm sperm health. The need to quit tobacco Given these serious risks, it is crucial for couples to either reduce or completely quit tobacco use-not only for their own health but also for the well-being of the children they hope to have. Temporary alternatives such as nicotine gum, patches, or prescribed medications can support the quitting process and significantly improve fertility. However, even with lifestyle changes, natural conception may still be difficult for some. In such cases, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can offer potential solutions. It's important to note, however, that the effectiveness of ART treatments can also be affected by the extent of tobacco-related damage to one's reproductive health. (Dr Kshitiz Murdia is an IVF specialist. He is also the CEO and co-founder of Indira IVF) Disclaimer: The opinions expressed within this article are the personal opinions of the author. NDTV is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or validity of any information on this article. All information is provided on an as-is basis. The information, facts or opinions appearing in the article do not reflect the views of NDTV and NDTV does not assume any responsibility or liability for the same.
