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ABC News
2 days ago
- General
- ABC News
Fruit Tree Care
Left to their own devices, some fruit trees will offer up a good harvest each year. But if you follow a seasonal care plan, you're giving your fruit trees the best chance to reward you with bumper crops. While the branches are bare on his 'Satsuma' plum tree, Josh does some pruning. He looks for branches that are crossing over or crowded – removing the congestion ensures more sun into the tree and good air flow through the plant when the leaves have grown back, so it's less prone to fungal diseases or pests. Removing top branches that are too far above head height will also save your tree's energy; there's no point producing fruit that you can't reach. Be aware of the flowering and fruiting habit of the tree you're pruning; plums and other stonefruit produce fruit on second-year wood so don't cut off too much or you'll get no harvest. Josh's dwarf mulberry fruits on new wood so it's more forgiving and can be cut back harder. He's pruned a kumquat back hard after moving it from another part of the garden; he'd hoped for 'mild' conditions but instead it was unseasonably hot and the tree suffered as a result. He has pruned back to one of the few remaining green areas and it's now reshooting. Luckily there are no shoots growing from below the graft (which might show the grafted top section is completely dead), so the tree should re-establish and survive. Josh also clears out groundcover plants under the trees that are prone to fruit flies, such as his tree guava. Make sure there's no old fruit on the ground, to reduce the chance of reinfestation. If you find some, bag it and bin it. Fruit trees are reliant on pollinators so whatever you can do to attract them to the garden will help. Josh plants three low-growing flowering shrubs that are known to attract bees and other pollinators: Euryops, salvia and ageratum. Most fruit trees, especially citrus, are heavy feeders, so fertilising ahead of spring growth is a must. Pelletised manure applied in mid-late winter will have a chance to break down and supply the nutrients to the tree by the time they emerge from dormancy. Finally, a layer of mulch will help keep the soil cool and retain moisture in dry weather. A 50-75mm layer is perfect. Water in well.
Japan Forward
15-06-2025
- Sport
- Japan Forward
Racing the UK Ekiden Through 160 Years of Ties
One of Japan's best-loved sporting disciplines is making strides overseas. Britain will host the second UK Ekiden race along the banks of the River Thames on June 20. The event has grown exponentially from the 2024 inaugural event, with 310 runners in 31 teams. Each team is made up of 10 runners competing in a 114km course from Windsor to King's Meadow in Reading and back again. This time, the field includes 16 teams from British universities, as well as a guest team from Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto. Runners from private companies will also be there, representing well-known names such as Japan Airlines, sporting equipment manufacturer Asics, the Financial Times Nikkei media alliance, and Britain's Royal Air Force. Significantly, a team of students from Kyushu will also be competing. This year marks the 160th anniversary of a group of 15 young men of the Satsuma domain who arrived to study at University College London, despite Japanese being forbidden to travel overseas at the time. The Anglo Satsuma War (photograph of a page in the London Illustrated News) Anna Dingley, founder of the UK Ekiden and a former resident of Kagoshima Prefecture in southern Japan, says the participation of modern-day Satsuma students "helps to celebrate the best of the UK and Japan." "I remember when I lived in Kagoshima and someone pointed out some damage from British cannon fire from 1863," Dingley said. She was referring to a bombardment carried out by the Royal Navy in the brief Anglo-Satsuma War of August 1863. "I did not believe it, but it turned out it was true," she told JAPAN Forward. After the three-day conflict, it was agreed that students ー one just 13 years old ー would travel to the UK to learn about the Industrial Revolution and help build bilateral ties. The students' experiences in Britain helped shape their future, with at least two going on to serve as government ministers. Others also went on to prominent positions in diplomacy, the armed forces, industry, and trade. Masato Fujiwara and his modern-day Satsuma Students running team. (Courtesy of Masato Fujiwara) Today, it is just as important to forge bilateral ties, said Dingley. "I think it's a hugely positive platform for the next generation to learn about Japan, and to take part in the race with Japanese runners too. "Many people in the running fraternity are curious about it, and the wider Anglo-Japanese community too," she said. "There have been one or two local ekiden races in the UK in the past, but this is quite different as we are bringing in many universities to take part, and then the corporate teams who sponsor and fund the race. "It's a virtuous circle because the universities get to participate for free, the students have a great experience of racing and teamwork, and also get to meet all the companies," she added. "The companies have a great teamwork experience too. Often it's a great chance to bond with their Japanese clients or colleagues, and they also get to meet the younger generation." Many, she said, are also drawn by the sport's long history and the devotion it attracts in its homeland. Originally, ekiden was not a sport but referred to the system of horse couriers that carried letters in stages between Japan's major urban centers, primarily the ancient capital of Kyoto and Edo, modern-day Tokyo. The transfer of the post to the next carrier is reflected in the handing over of the sash ー the "tasuki" ー to the next runner in the race. In 1917, the first-ever ekiden was staged as a three-day race over 23 stages from Kyoto to Tokyo. Then, it was a 507-kilometer event to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the transfer of the nation's capital to Tokyo. However, it was quickly adopted as a competition by universities and companies, emphasizing unity, resilience, and shared goals. Today, the most important event on the ekiden calendar is the two-day New Year race. Teams of students from Japanese universities run from Tokyo to the mountain town of Hakone and back the following day. It covers a distance of 219 kilometers. Jo Auer, student at Magdalen College, Oxford, was on the winning team in 2024's inaugural race and will be hoping to repeat that feat in 2025. (©Phil Hill) Jo Auer, a 26-year-old student at Magdalen College, Oxford, will be competing in this year's race once more. She's hopeful that her team can repeat their victory in the 2024 inaugural race. "We didn't go in with any expectations ー it was more about enjoying the experience and working together as a team. So crossing the line in first place made it all the more special," she said, adding that running an ekiden was different from her previous races. "It was unlike anything I'd done before," she said. "I'd never raced in a long-format relay, and it turned out to be far more fun and memorable than typical solo racing. Wearing the traditional 'tasuki' sash added a unique cultural touch. And running the final leg ー with Windsor Castle coming into view as I emerged from the woods ー was genuinely unforgettable." Ekiden running demands a different approach, she added, but also has benefits. "There's nothing quite like it," said Auer, who is originally from Brisbane in Australia. "The long-format relay demands endurance and strategy, but also a deep sense of teamwork. You're not just racing for yourself — you're carrying something symbolic, both literally with the sash and figuratively with the team's shared effort. Covering such a long distance together, across a beautiful landscape, and then celebrating as a unit at the finish, it's a uniquely rewarding experience." Masato Fujiwara will carry the traditional sash in honor of the Satsuma students. Nevertheless, he admits to being something of a running novice. "I have had little experience with running before, and I am not a member of my university's ekiden team. For me, running was something that I did in high school," said Fujiwara, who is studying pharmacy at Fukuoka University. "I have been fitting in training around my university life since I found out I would be participating in the race in April," he said. "As a complete beginner when it comes to running, I have been thinking about how to train most effectively in a short time so I can run just over 10 km. Masato Fujiwara, third from left, outside Exeter Cathedral during his UK homestay. (Courtesy of Masato Fujiwara) It will not be Fujiwara's first visit to the UK. He spent three weeks in the city of Exeter as a homestay student during middle school. At the time, he was impressed by the number of historical buildings in Britain. "Although the UK and Japan are far apart, I hope that through this race, we can overcome that distance, sweat together through sports, and become good friends," he added. "I also hope that by sharing the culture of Japan's ekiden with others, more people will become interested in Japan as a country." Japan's Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako at Oxford University during their state visit to the UK, which overlapped with the inaugural UK Ekiden in June, 2024. (©Reuters) After 30 years dividing her time between the UK and Japan, Dingley shares that hope. "To be honest, I didn't really know so much about ekiden when I lived in Japan," she admitted. "I've always enjoyed iconic journeys rather than necessarily focusing on running. I've cycled the length of Britain, Land's End to John O'Groats, sailed across the Atlantic, and travelled back from Japan overland on the Trans Siberian Express in midwinter. "It's that iconic journey aspect of the Hakone ekiden, which is one of the key reasons I knew our UK Ekiden also had to be along a special route like the Thames Path," she added. In 2024, the UK Ekiden coincided with a state visit to London by Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako. Both had studied at Oxford University. A portion of the profits was also donated to charities. Among those were organizations supporting the rebuilding of the Noto Peninsula, devastated in a January 2024 earthquake. The relationship between the UK Ekiden and Ishikawa Prefecture will continue in the 2025 event, Dingley said. Raising awareness and increasing assistance to the hard-hit region remains front and center in the event. By Julian Ryall
Korea Herald
09-05-2025
- Politics
- Korea Herald
Lee adviser stresses S. Korea-US alliance, trilateral ties with Japan in talks with White House officials
A top foreign policy adviser to South Korea's Democratic Party (DP) presidential candidate Lee Jae-myung said Thursday he stressed Lee's desire to strengthen the Seoul-Washington alliance and trilateral cooperation with Japan if elected, during talks with senior White House officials. Kim Hyun-chong, former trade minister, made the remarks as he met with Trump administration officials in Washington to discuss a wide array of issues, including new US tariffs on South Korea, bilateral trade and security threats from North Korea. Lee of the liberal DP has been leading in various polls ahead of the June 3 presidential election. In this week's National Barometer Survey poll, Lee garnered 43 percent support, trailed by former Prime Minister Han Duck-soo with 23 percent and former Labor Minister Kim Moon-soo of the conservative People Power Party with 12 percent. "What I told the US side was that the position of candidate Lee and the DP is that the South Korea-US alliance is of great importance, that we should upgrade it if possible, and that there is a need to strengthen trilateral cooperative relations among South Korea, the United States and Japan," he told reporters in front of the White House. His remarks came amid lingering speculation that a liberal administration in Seoul might pay more foreign policy attention to relations with China as well as longstanding historical issues with Japan, whereas a conservative one prioritizes the alliance with the US and leans toward enhancing cooperation with Japan. Apparently brushing aside such speculation, Kim underscored the need for closer cooperation with Japan. "Given the current circumstances and global landscape, South Korea and Japan should closely cooperate," he said. "From my standpoint, bilateral cooperation should proceed at a level seen when Choshu and Satsuma cooperated." He was referring to a military and political partnership formed in 1866 between the two powerful feudal domains in Japan, Satsuma and Choshu, to overthrow the Edo shogunate, the military government during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. During the talks at the White House, Kim also touched on tariff and trade-related issues. South Korea and the US have been in consultations over tariffs and economic and industrial cooperation as Seoul is seeking to secure exemptions from Trump's 25 percent "reciprocal" tariffs and other sectoral tariffs, including 25 percent duties on automobiles and certain auto parts. Trump has paused reciprocal tariffs on Korea and other trading partners until July 8 to allow for negotiations. On auto part tariffs, Kim told US officials that in light of South Korea's free trade agreement with the US, the two sides should craft a solution that can be reached "at a level acceptable" to the Asian ally. "About 67 percent of South Korea's trade surplus with the US comes from autos and auto parts. That said, we mentioned the significance (of the tariff issue)," he said. Commenting on Trump's 90-day pause on reciprocal tariffs, Kim said that South Korea "may need more time" for negotiations. He also pointed out the 25 percent reciprocal tariff rate is the highest among countries with FTAs with the US "I asked (US officials) whether (the reciprocal tariff rate on Korea) is really appropriate," he said. "Through the South Korea-US FTA, US products, particularly agricultural ones, come (into Korea) duty-free now, while 25 percent tariffs are imposed on Korean cars, which can be seen in a sense as a double penalty. We need to do well in the negotiation process on this matter. Regarding North Korea, Kim said that he shared the US condemnation of the North's short-range ballistic missile launches earlier this week, which he described as a violation of UN Security Council resolutions. He also agreed that Pyongyang should refrain from further missile launches. "In my personal view, South Korea needs to further strengthen asymmetric conventional weapons capabilities and take steps to be able to respond if need be," he said. Asked if there were discussions on the possible troop reduction of the 28,500-strong US Forces Korea as well as its role and status, he said, "No comment."
Japan Forward
02-05-2025
- Politics
- Japan Forward
Reclaiming Okinawa: The Forgotten Front in Japan's National Identity Crisis
In a recent lecture hosted by the Historical Awareness Research Committee, Satoru Nakamura of the Japan Okinawa Policy Research Forum laid out a compelling case. Okinawa, he claimed, is not merely a local political issue. Rather, it is a lens through which we can understand Japan's national crisis in identity, sovereignty, and historical continuity. At the heart of Nakamura's argument is the claim that Okinawa has been deliberately severed from Japanese national history through educational policy and political activism. Japanese history textbooks isolate Okinawa's past under the rubric of "Ryukyuan history," often without explaining how and when Okinawa became part of Japan. "Ask the average Japanese person when Okinawa became Japanese," Nakamura said. "Most can't answer. That's not just ignorance — it's vulnerability." Nakamura contests this narrative by situating Okinawa's incorporation into Japan within the broader context of national unification following the Meiji Restoration. The so-called "Ryukyu Disposition" was not an act of colonial aggression, he argues. Rather, it was part of the abolition of feudal domains and the establishment of a centralized state. Just as the Tokugawa-era han system was dismantled throughout Japan, Okinawa too was integrated as a prefecture. A major portion of the lecture was devoted to exposing the weaknesses in the claim that Ryukyu was ever a sovereign state. Nakamura pointed to the 1854 Treaty of Amity between the Ryukyu Kingdom and the United States. Many often cite this as evidence of Ryukyu's international recognition. However, recent scholarship shows that the treaty was never ratified by the US Senate and was labeled a "compact," not a formal treaty between sovereign states. France and the Netherlands also signed agreements with Ryukyu, but likewise declined to ratify them. Western powers, Nakamura concluded, never treated Ryukyu as an independent nation. "They were never equals. That's the whole point. It was diplomacy for form's sake, not for sovereignty," he said. Nakamura further dismantled the narrative of Okinawan victimhood by highlighting the geopolitical threats posed by foreign intervention. In 1844, nearly a decade before Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival in Japan, a French warship arrived in Okinawa and demanded concessions, including permission to station missionaries. Ryukyuan officials, operating under Satsuma's suzerainty, refused. This event prompted the Tokugawa Shogunate to order Satsuma to send troops to reinforce Okinawa, illustrating that the central government regarded Okinawa as part of its national defense perimeter. "The notion that Ryukyu was a free actor is fantasy," Nakamura remarked. "Satsuma and Edo responded as any sovereign power would — by protecting its periphery." Bingata-dyed cotton garment with peony motif from the 1800s. Bingata was part of the Ryukyuan culture born under Satsuma rule. Tokyo National Museum (Wikimedia Commons). He also detailed Satsuma's use of Ryukyu as a backchannel for acquiring Western military technology during Japan's period of official isolation. Shimazu Nariakira's secret negotiations with France led to the construction of a modern warship — the Shouheimaru — built using Ryukyuan cover. The ship flew the Hinomaru, which later became Japan's national flag. This episode shows that Ryukyu's ambiguous status was a tool of realpolitik, not evidence of sovereignty. Nakamura criticized the postwar Japanese government for failing to commemorate Okinawa's 1972 reversion to Japan as a national holiday. Unlike Germany's Reunification Day, Japan has made no effort to mark the end of its postwar division. This negligence, he warned, has created space for separatist ideologies and allowed China to support independence movements under the guise of international law. "If Germany can celebrate its reunification, why can't Japan?" He cited the 2008 UN Human Rights Committee's classification of Okinawans as an indigenous people, which the Japanese government failed to contest. In 2014, then-Governor Takeshi Onaga launched a campaign declaring the 1879 annexation of Ryukyu a violation of international law. When asked to respond, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs claimed it could not issue a definitive statement. According to Nakamura, this diplomatic ambiguity only emboldens foreign propaganda. "What kind of country can't even say when its own territory became its own? That's not diplomacy — it's dereliction." Additionally, Nakamura called attention to linguistic and genetic studies used to support claims of Okinawan distinctiveness. While some activists argue that the Okinawan language is not Japanese, Nakamura referenced the work of 19th-century British scholar Basil Hall Chamberlain, who concluded that Okinawan dialects were ancient forms of Japanese. Chamberlain, who taught at Tokyo Imperial University and published extensively on Japanese and Ryukyuan philology, observed that although Ryukyuan speech differed phonetically and lexically from standard Japanese, it retained deep grammatical and structural similarities. He classified Okinawan as a divergent but fundamentally Japanese dialect, not an independent language. Nakamura also referred to a recent university presentation he attended at the Okinawa Prefectural Museum, where a professor explained the latest findings in DNA research. These showed that during the time of the Ryukyu Country (1429-1879), the Okinawan population was composed of roughly 60% indigenous Ryukyuan and 40% mainland Yamato genetic material. Today, the Yamato component has increased to about 80%, reflecting centuries of integration. Interestingly, the study also indicated that a significant portion of Okinawan genetic material, particularly from Miyako Island, has flowed back to the Japanese mainland over time, further reinforcing the genetic continuity between Okinawans and other Japanese. "Even our DNA tells the story of unity, not separation," Nakamura said. A Japan Coast Guard patrol boat searches the waters around Miyako Island, Okinawa Prefecture, after a GSDF helicopter went missing. April 7, 2023 (© Kyodo) Nakamura also noted that the term "Ryukyu Kingdom" is itself an anachronism. Historical documents refer only to "Ryukyu Country" ( Ryukyu-koku ), and the term "kingdom" appears to have originated in modern English-language translations. He argued that this semantic shift is part of a broader ideological campaign to frame Okinawa as a postcolonial victim rather than a participant in the national project. "It's a psychological operation, not a historical debate," he warned. In closing, Nakamura warned that historical distortion is not merely academic — it has strategic consequences. Misrepresenting Okinawa's past weakens Japan's internal cohesion and invites external manipulation. To counter this, he urged a national effort to reclaim and teach the true history of Okinawa's integration into Japan, not as an act of conquest, but as part of the country's modernization and unification. "Okinawa's crisis is Japan's crisis," Nakamura concluded. "We cannot defend our nation if we don't even understand how it came to be." Author: Daniel Manning
Malaysian Reserve
01-05-2025
- Business
- Malaysian Reserve
Satsuma Pharmaceuticals Announces U.S. FDA Approval for Atzumi™ (Dihydroergotamine) Nasal Powder for the Acute Treatment of Migraine
Atzumi™ (dihydroergotamine(DHE)) nasal powder is the first and only DHE nasal powder for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults in an easy-to-use, easy-to-carry device. Atzumi is the first and only product utilizing the SMART (Simple MucoAdhesive Release Technology) platform which combines a proprietary advanced powder and device technology to simplify delivery of DHE. In clinical studies, Atzumi administration provided rapid and sustained DHE concentrations with low variability. DURHAM, N.C., April 30, 2025 /PRNewswire/ — Satsuma Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a late-stage biopharmaceutical company dedicated to bringing novel treatments to people who suffer from migraine and other debilitating conditions, and its corporate parent, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. (TSE:2395), today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a 505(b)(2) New Drug Application (NDA) for Atzumi™(dihydroergotamine (DHE)) nasal powder for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. Atzumi was previously known as STS101. Migraine is a neurological disorder that is thought to be the result of temporary changes in the chemicals, nerves and blood vessels in the brain, with symptoms that are often incapacitating. According to the American Migraine Foundation, approximately 40 million Americans live with migraine. It is the second leading cause of disability worldwide in terms of time lost to disability and most common cause of disability among young women. 'The approval of Atzumi is a milestone to celebrate, providing a new option for the acute treatment of migraine combining long-proven benefits of DHE with a patient-friendly and easy-to-use delivery system developed based on SNBL's novel intranasal drug delivery platform technology,' said Dr. Ryoichi Nagata, President and CEO of Satsuma. 'We believe that Atzumi will contribute to improving the quality of life of patients struggling for relief from these highly disabling problems.' 'DHE plays a unique clinical role in the acute treatment of migraine, providing patients long lasting effects and the unique ability to provide benefit even when taken late in a migraine attack. The convenience of Atzumi, the only DHE nasal powder, will offer patients ease of use combined with the important known DHE clinical advantages', said Dr. Stewart J. Tepper, M.D., Vice President of the New England Institute for Neurology and Headache in Stamford, Connecticut. About Atzumi Atzumi is a proprietary drug device product incorporating both Satsuma's advanced nasal powder formulation of dihydroergotamine (DHE) administered via its unique nasal delivery device. The product is designed to provide patients an easy-to-use and easy-to-carry treatment option. The FDA approval for Atzumi is based on two clinical studies (Phase 1 PK trial and ASCEND Phase 3 open-label, long-term safety trial), which demonstrated fast absorption, rapid achievement of high DHE plasma concentrations, and sustained DHE plasma levels over time as well as safety and tolerability in subjects with migraine. About Dihydroergotamine (DHE) Since its approval in 1946, DHE has long been recommended in published migraine treatment guidelines as a first-line acute treatment option for migraine and has significant advantages versus other anti-migraine treatments for many patients. However, disadvantages of current DHE liquid nasal spray and injectable products, including invasive and burdensome administration and/or sub-optimal clinical performance, have limited the widespread use of DHE. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION WARNING: PERIPHERAL ISCHEMIA FOLLOWING COADMINISTRATION WITH STRONG CYP3A4 INHIBITORS Serious and/or life-threatening peripheral ischemia has been associated with the coadministration of dihydroergotamine with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Because CYP3A4 inhibition elevates the serum levels of dihydroergotamine, the risk for vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia and/or ischemia of the extremities is increased. Hence, concomitant use of Atzumi with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is contraindicated. Indication Atzumi is an ergotamine derivative indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. Limitations of Use Atzumi is not indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine or for the management of hemiplegic migraine or migraine with brainstem aura. Contraindications Atzumi is not recommended in patients with: Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors Ischemic heart disease or coronary artery vasospasm Uncontrolled hypertension, peripheral arterial diseases, sepsis, following vascular surgery, or severe hepatic or renal impairment Hypersensitivity to ergot alkaloids Concomitant use of other 5-HT₁ agonists or ergotamine-containing or ergot-type medication within 24 hours Concomitant use of peripheral and central vasoconstrictors Warnings and Precautions Atzumi may cause: Cardiac events: Cardiac events in patients with risk factors of coronary artery diseases: Consider administration of the first dose of Atzumi under medical supervision (including the use of an electrocardiogram) Cerebrovascular events: Cerebrovascular events (eg, cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and stroke) have been reported, particularly with dihydroergotamine mesylate injection Vasospasm/elevated blood pressure: Dihydroergotamine may cause vasospasm or elevation in blood pressure Medication overuse headache: Detoxification may be necessary Preterm labor: Advise pregnant women of the risk Fibrotic complications: Rare cases have been reported following prolonged daily use of dihydroergotamine mesylate. Administration of Atzumi should not exceed the dosing guidelines or be used for chronic daily administration Local irritation: Local irritation has been reported following administration of Atzumi Most Common Adverse Reactions Most common adverse reactions (incidence >1%) were rhinitis, nausea, altered sense of taste, application site reaction, dizziness, vomiting, somnolence, pharyngitis, and diarrhea. Use in Special Populations Pregnancy: Available data from published literature indicate an increased risk of preterm delivery with Atzumi us during pregnancy. Lactation: Patients should not breastfeed during treatment with Atzumi and for 3 days after the last dose. Please see the Atzumi Full Prescribing Information, including Boxed Warning and Medication Guide. The risk information provided here is not comprehensive. The FDA-approved product labeling can be found at You can also call 1-888-273-2480 for additional information. About Satsuma Pharmaceuticals Satsuma Pharmaceuticals Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. (SNBL), is a late-stage biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Since its inception in 2016, Satsuma has focused on combining great science, cutting-edge technology and proven drug therapies to create improved therapeutic products that address the significant unmet needs of patients. Satsuma's team has extensive experience successfully developing, manufacturing and commercializing pharmaceutical products within both large and small companies, and we have particular expertise in the area of drug-device combination products delivered via inhalation. For further information, please visit About SNBL Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. ('SNBL') (TSE:2395) is a listed nonclinical contract research organization (CRO) that was founded in Kagoshima, Japan, in 1957. Based on its corporate philosophy of 'Committed to the environment, life, and people', and with a proven track record of accomplishment as the oldest and most established Japanese nonclinical CRO, SNBL is proud to offer a comprehensive portfolio of services and solutions for drug discovery and development for pharmaceutical companies, biotech ventures, universities, and research institutions both in Japan and overseas. The SNBL's Translational Research business engages in drug discovery, with the focus on business development and out-licensing of its proprietary intranasal drug delivery technologies and intranasal devices. For further information, please visit Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements This press release and any materials distributed in connection with this press release may contain forward-looking statements, beliefs or opinions regarding Satsuma's future business, future position and results of operations, including estimates, forecasts, targets and plans for Satsuma. Without limitation, forward-looking statements often include words such as 'targets', 'plans', 'believes', 'hopes', 'continues', 'expects', 'aims', 'intends', 'ensures', 'will', 'may', 'should', 'would', 'could' 'anticipates', 'estimates', 'projects' or similar expressions or the negative thereof. These forward-looking statements are based on assumptions about many important factors, including the following, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements: the economic circumstances surrounding SNBL's business, including uncertainty of commercial success for new and existing products; claims or concerns regarding the safety or efficacy of product candidates; general economic conditions in Japan and the United States; competitive pressures and developments; changes to applicable laws and regulations; challenges inherent in new product development, including uncertainty of clinical success and decisions of regulatory authorities and the timing thereof; fluctuations in interest and currency exchange rates; the impact of health crises such as the coronavirus pandemic on Satsuma and its clients and suppliers, including foreign governments in countries in which Satsuma operates, or on other facets of its business; the timing and impact of post-merger integration efforts with acquired companies; the ability to divest assets that are not core to Satsuma's operations and the timing of any such divestment(s); and other factors identified in SNBL's most recent securities report ('Yuka Shoken Houkokusho') and SNBL's other reports filed with the Financial Services Agency, available on SNBL's website at: or at SNBL does not undertake to update any of the forward-looking statements contained in this press release or any other forward-looking statements it may make, except as required by law or related stock exchange rule. Past performance is not an indicator of future results and the results or statements of SNBL in this press release may not be indicative of, and are not an estimate, forecast, guarantee or projection of SNBL's future results. Medical Information This press release contains information about product candidates that may not be available in all countries, or may be available under different trademarks, for different indications, in different dosages, or in different strengths. Nothing contained herein should be considered a solicitation, promotion or advertisement for any prescription drugs including the ones under development. Inquiries: Satsuma Pharmaceuticals, Inc.E-mail: info@
