Latest news with #Southerners
The Hill
21-07-2025
- Health
- The Hill
We can't win the fight to end HIV if we cut funding and access to medication
The fight to end HIV in our lifetimes just received a game-changing innovation. In June, the FDA approved Yeztugo (lenacapavir), a groundbreaking HIV prevention treatment that requires just two injections per year — and scored 99 percent effectiveness in trials. This monumental scientific breakthrough is poised to transform the lives of people who have found it hard to keep up with daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis, providing an option that fits better into their everyday lives. But as exciting as this development is, it could be undermined by the Trump administration's proposal to cut nearly $1 billion from federal HIV prevention programs. Innovations like lenacapavir could be a key tool to ending the epidemic, but only if we have the resources and policy to deliver it directly to those who need them most. Although lenacapavir's efficacy is groundbreaking, access remains another story. With a price tag hovering around $28,000 a year, this medication risks being out of reach for the very communities who need it most. We're still waiting to see how programs managed by Gilead Sciences, which developed the treatments, and the broader insurance markets will step up. And it's not just the cost of the drug itself. It's the labs, the provider visits, the follow-ups — each one a potential roadblock for someone trying to stay safe. Federal leadership is essential to ensuring this new HIV prevention tool reaches the communities who need it most. This includes updating clinical guidelines, funding support services and supporting the infrastructure that makes access possible. Unfortunately, the Trump administration and the Republican majorities in Congress are putting access to lifesaving innovations at risk. The administration's attacks on HIV prevention, including its proposals to eliminate the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's HIV budget and efforts to dismantle public health systems, threaten progress. The Republican budget reconciliation bill that President Trump signed over the July 4 weekend includes deep cuts to Medicaid — the largest payer for HIV care in the U.S. Without strong federal investment and coordination, expanding access to new tools and ending the HIV epidemic is at serious risk. Despite the real strides we have made in HIV prevention, those of us in the lesbian, gay, and transgender community — especially non-white Southerners in rural areas or navigating poverty — know that not every prevention strategy reaches us, works for us, or is built with us in mind. Our realities demand options that reflect the full truth of who we are and how we live. Lenacapavir offers real, powerful hope, but let's be clear: Science alone won't save us. What will make the difference is equitable and intentional policies that center our communities and a public health infrastructure that doesn't leave us behind. These numbers don't shift on their own. Yes, we have made progress over time. But the hard truth is that Black Americans still account for 43 percent of all new HIV diagnoses in the U.S., despite being just 13 percent of the population. The data is even more stark for Black transgender women: 44 percent are living with HIV, and their lifetime risk remains unacceptably high. And we cannot ignore the geography of this epidemic. The South accounts for 52 percent of all new HIV diagnoses in the U.S. That's not a coincidence — it is the result of systemic failures: limited access to healthcare, persistent stigma, lack of comprehensive sex education and the absence of strong non-discrimination protections. These barriers don't just prevent care — they trap people in cycles where prevention tools are out of reach. Among gay and bisexual Black men, the risk of contracting HIV is still 50 percent over a lifetime. Prevention tools like pre-exposure prophylaxis and lenacapavir hold promise, but they only matter if people can actually access them, without fear, shame or coercion. Ending this epidemic means creating environments where people are safe to make informed choices about their own health. The fight to end the HIV epidemic is not just about what happens in labs — it's about how we make these innovations real for our communities. Science is doing its part. Now is the time to urge Congress to reject any cuts to CDC HIV prevention efforts and to fully fund the HIV response. We have the tools to end this epidemic, but not if we dismantle the very systems our communities rely on to survive. The promise of lenacapavir, and the hope it represents, is too great to let fall through the cracks of policy neglect. The question is, will we make the choice to ensure that this breakthrough reaches all of us? Science has given us the tools. Now, we must ensure that everyone has the opportunity to use them.
Yahoo
16-07-2025
- Health
- Yahoo
Is Chick-Fil-A unhealthy? Here's where this Georgia chain ranks among others
Loved by millions and born right here in Georgia, Chick-fil-A has long held a reputation for top-tier service, signature chicken sandwiches, and a place in the hearts (and diets) of Southerners. But according to a new report from World Atlas, Georgia's homegrown fast-food giant might be less heart-friendly than fans would hope. A recent analysis by World Atlas assessed menu nutrition profiles and found high levels of calories, saturated fats, sodium, and sugar across offerings from each chain. See where Chick-Fil-A ranks next to industry staples like Wendy's, McDonald's, and Taco Bell. Top 10 unhealthy fast-food restaurants in the US Wendy's Sonic Taco Bell Dairy Queen KFC Quiznos McDonald's Smashburger Little Caesars Chick-fil-A The report underscores broader public health concerns in Georgia and nationwide. Georgia ranks among the top 20 states with the highest obesity rates in children and adults, according to CDC data. "An 'original chicken sandwich' with medium waffle fries delivers ~ 750 mg sodium, about one-third of a day's limit, and 800 calories, while sugary lemonade and milkshakes push totals sky-high," World Atlas wrote. "The chain dialed back its 'No Antibiotics Ever' pledge in 2024, though its 2026 cage-free-egg goal remains." Who founded Chick-fil-A? Chick-fil-A started in a small diner in Hapeville, Georgia and is now known across the country for making great chicken. The trio behind Chick-Fil-A is the Cathy family and siblings are Bubba, Dan, and Trudy. The first location opened in 1967 at Atlanta's Greenbriar Mall. The chain has more than 2,800 restaurants across the U.S. and in Canada and Puerto Rico. Vanessa Countryman is the Trending Topics Reporter for the the Deep South Connect Team Georgia. Email her at Vcountryman@ This article originally appeared on Savannah Morning News: Is Chick-fil-A really healthier? World Atlas says no. Solve the daily Crossword
The Advertiser
11-07-2025
- Politics
- The Advertiser
Every now and again, for decades, the same issue gets a big headline
In 1972, police at an Aboriginal settlement at Papunya, several hundred kilometres west of Alice Springs, closed down a travelling Slim Dusty concert after some of the young men somehow got access to alcohol and became drunk. Many in the crowd welcomed action against the drunks ruining the concert but resented the element of group punishment in having the concert abruptly stopped. Some, including some of the troublemakers, walked to the heavily fenced police compound and began shouting. Someone threw stones on the roof. There were police wives and children in the dwellings, and a constable emerged with a shotgun. He fired into the air, and, soon after, the crowd dispersed. The next morning, ABC AM ran a one-sided report on the "riot", calling for all police in outback settlements to be issued with Armalite automatic rifles so they could defend their nearest and dearest when under attack. A score or so of people were charged over the disorder, and the matter came before the notorious Alice Springs magistrate, "Scrubby'' Hall. When the cop told of firing his shotgun in the air, Scrubby stopped him to ask why he didn't fire directly into the crowd. Scrubby was regularly given to giving vent to his prejudices, though usually they did not get anything like the circulation of the above instance. Some of his defenders insisted that his outbursts were teases of his lack of affection for what today might be called "woke" Southerners oozing sympathy for Aboriginal people or disapproval of how cops set out to handle Indigenous people. I never saw him engage his brain before opening his mouth. His usual habit if he realised that he had gone too far was not to apologise but to "row back", usually with an acquittal on some highly technical and seemingly invented ground, or with a sentence so mild that the defendant would have been mad to appeal. That way, it would not come up for critical comment from a higher court. It was not so easy when his words had sped down the overland telegraph. The federal attorney-general, Lionel Murphy, intervened in the case. Nothing that Murphy, or the Whitlam government, or any other person from Canberra has ever done since has had much effect on the culture of the NT Police Force or done much to prevent repeats of what became known as the "great Papunya massacre". Nor has it ever succeeded in affecting a prevailing culture of the white residents of the NT, many of whom, thanks to remoteness subsidies intended for the benefit of Indigenous residents, give non-Aboriginal residents one of the highest standards of government service in the world. This week saw the report of the coronial inquest into the death of Kumanjayi Walker - shot dead six years ago by Canberra's own Zachary Rolfe, who left Canberra Grammar for the army and Afghanistan, then joined the NT Police Force. Rolfe was acquitted when charged with murder, but the inquest, while not traversing the acquittal, investigated the circumstances and background. Almost every confrontation has caused police spokesmen to demand that NT police are better equipped to face their tormentors. The recent Walker inquest is almost unique in suggesting that police moving around in Aboriginal settlements should not carry guns. But it would be bound to face heavy resistance from the police union, which controls the asylum. More representative of the Rolfe-like factions than bush cops or enlightened ones, it tends to believe that it is only by the gun that the Indigenous residents are awed. Perhaps it is strange that Aboriginal deaths in custody are only rarely at the hands of locals. The trouble tends to come when outsiders, disrespecting the locals, come in to show them how it is done. Yet NT police are like most state - and AFP - officers, in being more and more armed than ever. They are dressed as paramilitary figures, with armour, gas, tasers and guns, and any number of vehicles looking like tanks. Cops are doing more driving and shouting than walking and talking. Police public relations agents speak of community policing even as fewer cops are to be seen in the community, and more and more involved in petty administration such as rosters and fudging public complaints. Police activity is these days more intrusive, and with increasingly scant regard for privacy and dignity or human rights. They are increasingly not "of" the community in any sense. This is as true in the NT as in the ACT, except that, if anything, NT police numbers are such that they command significant local political power and a craven press. And, usually, they are at the top of the anti-woke crowd. During the inquest, we were read Rolfe's emails in which he complains to family, girlfriends and colleagues about the failure of the NT police to accept his request to join the tactical response group, the unit which has a tendency to think of itself as a civilian SAS. Fitness, guts and martial spirit count for nothing, his superior tells him. Rolfe has been told that he needs more experience in working with Aboriginal people, particularly in rural settlements. But Rolfe despises cops working in settlements and thinks them lazy and unambitious. "The order of preference these days is blacks, chicks, gays and lazy f---s ... and then [you]," said a colleague of Rolfe's in a text message exchange. The attitudes of young cops are repugnant, even to other more reasonable cops who cannot seem to change the culture. But it reflects the attitudes of many young men and women (white men and women, that is) in the Alice Springs community. From about 15 minutes after they blow in - and about 80 per cent of white Territorians are blow-ins who weren't there 10 years ago, they inveigle against "Southerners" and folk in Canberra who reputedly have no idea of the privations they suffer. Chief of these is not remoteness, because the overwhelming proportion live in comfortable cities with schools and civic services of Canberra standard. It's the challenge of law and order coming from young Aboriginal men and women who have drifted into town but who do not find there comfortable accommodation, services or jobs. Mostly they hang around fringe camps and, when they can, and if they have the money, grog shops. Most would be better off, and in a less tumultuous environment, were they to remain in, or return to, settlements. But government, and boredom, is effectively pushing them out, in part by propagating the canard that welfare beneficiaries should go where the work is, and that Alice Springs is such a place. It isn't, at least for drifters without much education or experience. The lawlessness is obvious enough. It is the despair even of people well-disposed to Aboriginal people, and a substantial Aboriginal middle class, because it manifests itself in burglaries and theft, in fighting, and in young people drifting around the streets at all hours of the day or night. It is also manifest in drug and alcohol abuse, most of which, given the practical homelessness of many of the offenders, is in the street or on the riverbeds. It is, of course, also the despair of the police, white traders, and government officials, at all levels of government. In over 100 years of white settlement, non-Aboriginal culture has found itself unable to cope with the phenomenon and bereft of new ideas. They have tried curfews, originally requiring all Aboriginal people to be out of town at sundown, now reintroduced around grog laws and slightly more sophisticated. They have tried any number of welfare schemes, sports and other youth activity services, some of which alas, aggravate the lure of the city without adding much to its social capital. Most of all, they have tried the "firm hand", usually at the hands of the police. The NT is currently going through a law-and-order phase. The white electorate voted enthusiastically for a "do the crime, do the time" regime, even for juveniles, and has wound back the ages at which children are held criminally responsible. Over the past year, imprisonment rates, already among the highest and most shameful in the world, have virtually doubled, if with no discernible effect on obvious street crime. An enormous proportion of Aboriginal folk are behind bars for minor traffic crimes. Only a few years ago, the inadequacy of juvenile detention facilities was an international scandal and the subject of a royal commission. The government, and, it seems, most of the white population, have decided to give up on it: crowding and abuse in juvenile detention centres and jails is now manifestly worse than before. The coroner in the Walker inquest found that the NT police service was racist, sexist, and homophobic. It was also adept at evasiveness and avoiding accountability and responsibility. It had almost a reflex propensity to cover up misbehaviour by officers, and to look after mates, right or wrong. That tendency was balanced by considerable bitching and backstabbing, and failures of leadership and supervision by officers at the sergeant level. RELATED: Who is Zachary Rolfe: the story of the NT cop with prominent Canberra parents Had Rolfe been held accountable earlier in his career for his propensity to prefer violence as a solution, Walker's death at Yuendumu might not have occurred. Some of the internal police correspondence between senior police also suggested a culture of blame-shifting and attempts to limit the scope of the inquiry while always pretending to be entirely cooperative. Leaving Rolfe out of it, a number of very senior cops have, over recent years, been active in perverting the course of justice, and sometimes convicted of it. It is, in this, a semi-criminal organisation in urgent need of fundamental reform. Perhaps like the Australian Public Service after three years of half-hearted efforts to root out and punish the perversion of good administration of the Scott Morrison era. Or perhaps put another way, a fairly typical bureaucracy in which the control systems, such as the Australian Public Service Commission, have been a central and essential part of the mechanisms for keeping the public out of the loop about rorting and corruption in the system. MORE JACK WATERFORD: One must bear this in mind when considering the shocking findings of the coroner, Elisabeth Armitage. No one can be surprised at findings about many of the NT police members being systemically racist, sexist and homophobic, but the force is still treated with respect by politicians, and, usually, the media. The crisis of Aboriginal lawlessness - which generates the usual free pass for police misbehaviour - is real enough, but the reality of conditions under which police lawlessness and violence come into regular conflict with Aboriginal lawlessness and violence is too often overlooked. On balance, I am on the side of law and order, but they do carry a lot of lead in their saddle. There are noble NT cops, and people doing their best, particularly in Aboriginal communities, but the credit this deserves is undermined by the open contempt that many frontline cops have for the law. And many of those provide the political context for demands for "firm action". The primary industry in the NT is skimming off government grants for Indigenous services. Business is booming, not least from $4 billion the federal government is throwing at Aboriginal housing to be seen to be doing "something". So is money from programs intended to recreate Aboriginal-controlled services deliberately destroyed by governments, Liberal then Labor, from nearly 20 years ago. And, these days, as the extent of need for disability services is being understood, in rorting the NDIS scheme. As ever, most of the money being spent on Aboriginal welfare is going to white contractors and white public servants. But when the music stops, Aboriginal people cop the blame for being feckless and irresponsible, as if they wasted it themselves. It is always hard to compare the honesty and competence of the varieties of territorial government on offer. But a good many rate the nepotism, jobbery, and corruption of the current regime up there with champions of old, not least for the semi-Trumpian tendency of simply ignoring unpleasant information, acting without announcement and, as ever, blaming shortcomings on Canberra. Particularly pronounced, in both Labor and Liberal National Party governments, is the "Buggins's turn" philosophy by which successive regimes believe they have the right to throw out public servants regarded as the other side's mates and cronies and install instead one's own mates and cronies. This is always a sure guarantee that corruption is endemic. What is not happening is any external will to hold miscreants to account, particularly given the fact NT federal seats are marginal. To think it was only 40 years ago when a federal minister for finance, Peter Walsh, announced he had decided the cost of featherbedding the NT for endless uneconomic projects was greater than the political advantage of holding NT seats. It had to stop. It hasn't. In 1972, police at an Aboriginal settlement at Papunya, several hundred kilometres west of Alice Springs, closed down a travelling Slim Dusty concert after some of the young men somehow got access to alcohol and became drunk. Many in the crowd welcomed action against the drunks ruining the concert but resented the element of group punishment in having the concert abruptly stopped. Some, including some of the troublemakers, walked to the heavily fenced police compound and began shouting. Someone threw stones on the roof. There were police wives and children in the dwellings, and a constable emerged with a shotgun. He fired into the air, and, soon after, the crowd dispersed. The next morning, ABC AM ran a one-sided report on the "riot", calling for all police in outback settlements to be issued with Armalite automatic rifles so they could defend their nearest and dearest when under attack. A score or so of people were charged over the disorder, and the matter came before the notorious Alice Springs magistrate, "Scrubby'' Hall. When the cop told of firing his shotgun in the air, Scrubby stopped him to ask why he didn't fire directly into the crowd. Scrubby was regularly given to giving vent to his prejudices, though usually they did not get anything like the circulation of the above instance. Some of his defenders insisted that his outbursts were teases of his lack of affection for what today might be called "woke" Southerners oozing sympathy for Aboriginal people or disapproval of how cops set out to handle Indigenous people. I never saw him engage his brain before opening his mouth. His usual habit if he realised that he had gone too far was not to apologise but to "row back", usually with an acquittal on some highly technical and seemingly invented ground, or with a sentence so mild that the defendant would have been mad to appeal. That way, it would not come up for critical comment from a higher court. It was not so easy when his words had sped down the overland telegraph. The federal attorney-general, Lionel Murphy, intervened in the case. Nothing that Murphy, or the Whitlam government, or any other person from Canberra has ever done since has had much effect on the culture of the NT Police Force or done much to prevent repeats of what became known as the "great Papunya massacre". Nor has it ever succeeded in affecting a prevailing culture of the white residents of the NT, many of whom, thanks to remoteness subsidies intended for the benefit of Indigenous residents, give non-Aboriginal residents one of the highest standards of government service in the world. This week saw the report of the coronial inquest into the death of Kumanjayi Walker - shot dead six years ago by Canberra's own Zachary Rolfe, who left Canberra Grammar for the army and Afghanistan, then joined the NT Police Force. Rolfe was acquitted when charged with murder, but the inquest, while not traversing the acquittal, investigated the circumstances and background. Almost every confrontation has caused police spokesmen to demand that NT police are better equipped to face their tormentors. The recent Walker inquest is almost unique in suggesting that police moving around in Aboriginal settlements should not carry guns. But it would be bound to face heavy resistance from the police union, which controls the asylum. More representative of the Rolfe-like factions than bush cops or enlightened ones, it tends to believe that it is only by the gun that the Indigenous residents are awed. Perhaps it is strange that Aboriginal deaths in custody are only rarely at the hands of locals. The trouble tends to come when outsiders, disrespecting the locals, come in to show them how it is done. Yet NT police are like most state - and AFP - officers, in being more and more armed than ever. They are dressed as paramilitary figures, with armour, gas, tasers and guns, and any number of vehicles looking like tanks. Cops are doing more driving and shouting than walking and talking. Police public relations agents speak of community policing even as fewer cops are to be seen in the community, and more and more involved in petty administration such as rosters and fudging public complaints. Police activity is these days more intrusive, and with increasingly scant regard for privacy and dignity or human rights. They are increasingly not "of" the community in any sense. This is as true in the NT as in the ACT, except that, if anything, NT police numbers are such that they command significant local political power and a craven press. And, usually, they are at the top of the anti-woke crowd. During the inquest, we were read Rolfe's emails in which he complains to family, girlfriends and colleagues about the failure of the NT police to accept his request to join the tactical response group, the unit which has a tendency to think of itself as a civilian SAS. Fitness, guts and martial spirit count for nothing, his superior tells him. Rolfe has been told that he needs more experience in working with Aboriginal people, particularly in rural settlements. But Rolfe despises cops working in settlements and thinks them lazy and unambitious. "The order of preference these days is blacks, chicks, gays and lazy f---s ... and then [you]," said a colleague of Rolfe's in a text message exchange. The attitudes of young cops are repugnant, even to other more reasonable cops who cannot seem to change the culture. But it reflects the attitudes of many young men and women (white men and women, that is) in the Alice Springs community. From about 15 minutes after they blow in - and about 80 per cent of white Territorians are blow-ins who weren't there 10 years ago, they inveigle against "Southerners" and folk in Canberra who reputedly have no idea of the privations they suffer. Chief of these is not remoteness, because the overwhelming proportion live in comfortable cities with schools and civic services of Canberra standard. It's the challenge of law and order coming from young Aboriginal men and women who have drifted into town but who do not find there comfortable accommodation, services or jobs. Mostly they hang around fringe camps and, when they can, and if they have the money, grog shops. Most would be better off, and in a less tumultuous environment, were they to remain in, or return to, settlements. But government, and boredom, is effectively pushing them out, in part by propagating the canard that welfare beneficiaries should go where the work is, and that Alice Springs is such a place. It isn't, at least for drifters without much education or experience. The lawlessness is obvious enough. It is the despair even of people well-disposed to Aboriginal people, and a substantial Aboriginal middle class, because it manifests itself in burglaries and theft, in fighting, and in young people drifting around the streets at all hours of the day or night. It is also manifest in drug and alcohol abuse, most of which, given the practical homelessness of many of the offenders, is in the street or on the riverbeds. It is, of course, also the despair of the police, white traders, and government officials, at all levels of government. In over 100 years of white settlement, non-Aboriginal culture has found itself unable to cope with the phenomenon and bereft of new ideas. They have tried curfews, originally requiring all Aboriginal people to be out of town at sundown, now reintroduced around grog laws and slightly more sophisticated. They have tried any number of welfare schemes, sports and other youth activity services, some of which alas, aggravate the lure of the city without adding much to its social capital. Most of all, they have tried the "firm hand", usually at the hands of the police. The NT is currently going through a law-and-order phase. The white electorate voted enthusiastically for a "do the crime, do the time" regime, even for juveniles, and has wound back the ages at which children are held criminally responsible. Over the past year, imprisonment rates, already among the highest and most shameful in the world, have virtually doubled, if with no discernible effect on obvious street crime. An enormous proportion of Aboriginal folk are behind bars for minor traffic crimes. Only a few years ago, the inadequacy of juvenile detention facilities was an international scandal and the subject of a royal commission. The government, and, it seems, most of the white population, have decided to give up on it: crowding and abuse in juvenile detention centres and jails is now manifestly worse than before. The coroner in the Walker inquest found that the NT police service was racist, sexist, and homophobic. It was also adept at evasiveness and avoiding accountability and responsibility. It had almost a reflex propensity to cover up misbehaviour by officers, and to look after mates, right or wrong. That tendency was balanced by considerable bitching and backstabbing, and failures of leadership and supervision by officers at the sergeant level. RELATED: Who is Zachary Rolfe: the story of the NT cop with prominent Canberra parents Had Rolfe been held accountable earlier in his career for his propensity to prefer violence as a solution, Walker's death at Yuendumu might not have occurred. Some of the internal police correspondence between senior police also suggested a culture of blame-shifting and attempts to limit the scope of the inquiry while always pretending to be entirely cooperative. Leaving Rolfe out of it, a number of very senior cops have, over recent years, been active in perverting the course of justice, and sometimes convicted of it. It is, in this, a semi-criminal organisation in urgent need of fundamental reform. Perhaps like the Australian Public Service after three years of half-hearted efforts to root out and punish the perversion of good administration of the Scott Morrison era. Or perhaps put another way, a fairly typical bureaucracy in which the control systems, such as the Australian Public Service Commission, have been a central and essential part of the mechanisms for keeping the public out of the loop about rorting and corruption in the system. MORE JACK WATERFORD: One must bear this in mind when considering the shocking findings of the coroner, Elisabeth Armitage. No one can be surprised at findings about many of the NT police members being systemically racist, sexist and homophobic, but the force is still treated with respect by politicians, and, usually, the media. The crisis of Aboriginal lawlessness - which generates the usual free pass for police misbehaviour - is real enough, but the reality of conditions under which police lawlessness and violence come into regular conflict with Aboriginal lawlessness and violence is too often overlooked. On balance, I am on the side of law and order, but they do carry a lot of lead in their saddle. There are noble NT cops, and people doing their best, particularly in Aboriginal communities, but the credit this deserves is undermined by the open contempt that many frontline cops have for the law. And many of those provide the political context for demands for "firm action". The primary industry in the NT is skimming off government grants for Indigenous services. Business is booming, not least from $4 billion the federal government is throwing at Aboriginal housing to be seen to be doing "something". So is money from programs intended to recreate Aboriginal-controlled services deliberately destroyed by governments, Liberal then Labor, from nearly 20 years ago. And, these days, as the extent of need for disability services is being understood, in rorting the NDIS scheme. As ever, most of the money being spent on Aboriginal welfare is going to white contractors and white public servants. But when the music stops, Aboriginal people cop the blame for being feckless and irresponsible, as if they wasted it themselves. It is always hard to compare the honesty and competence of the varieties of territorial government on offer. But a good many rate the nepotism, jobbery, and corruption of the current regime up there with champions of old, not least for the semi-Trumpian tendency of simply ignoring unpleasant information, acting without announcement and, as ever, blaming shortcomings on Canberra. Particularly pronounced, in both Labor and Liberal National Party governments, is the "Buggins's turn" philosophy by which successive regimes believe they have the right to throw out public servants regarded as the other side's mates and cronies and install instead one's own mates and cronies. This is always a sure guarantee that corruption is endemic. What is not happening is any external will to hold miscreants to account, particularly given the fact NT federal seats are marginal. To think it was only 40 years ago when a federal minister for finance, Peter Walsh, announced he had decided the cost of featherbedding the NT for endless uneconomic projects was greater than the political advantage of holding NT seats. It had to stop. It hasn't. In 1972, police at an Aboriginal settlement at Papunya, several hundred kilometres west of Alice Springs, closed down a travelling Slim Dusty concert after some of the young men somehow got access to alcohol and became drunk. Many in the crowd welcomed action against the drunks ruining the concert but resented the element of group punishment in having the concert abruptly stopped. Some, including some of the troublemakers, walked to the heavily fenced police compound and began shouting. Someone threw stones on the roof. There were police wives and children in the dwellings, and a constable emerged with a shotgun. He fired into the air, and, soon after, the crowd dispersed. The next morning, ABC AM ran a one-sided report on the "riot", calling for all police in outback settlements to be issued with Armalite automatic rifles so they could defend their nearest and dearest when under attack. A score or so of people were charged over the disorder, and the matter came before the notorious Alice Springs magistrate, "Scrubby'' Hall. When the cop told of firing his shotgun in the air, Scrubby stopped him to ask why he didn't fire directly into the crowd. Scrubby was regularly given to giving vent to his prejudices, though usually they did not get anything like the circulation of the above instance. Some of his defenders insisted that his outbursts were teases of his lack of affection for what today might be called "woke" Southerners oozing sympathy for Aboriginal people or disapproval of how cops set out to handle Indigenous people. I never saw him engage his brain before opening his mouth. His usual habit if he realised that he had gone too far was not to apologise but to "row back", usually with an acquittal on some highly technical and seemingly invented ground, or with a sentence so mild that the defendant would have been mad to appeal. That way, it would not come up for critical comment from a higher court. It was not so easy when his words had sped down the overland telegraph. The federal attorney-general, Lionel Murphy, intervened in the case. Nothing that Murphy, or the Whitlam government, or any other person from Canberra has ever done since has had much effect on the culture of the NT Police Force or done much to prevent repeats of what became known as the "great Papunya massacre". Nor has it ever succeeded in affecting a prevailing culture of the white residents of the NT, many of whom, thanks to remoteness subsidies intended for the benefit of Indigenous residents, give non-Aboriginal residents one of the highest standards of government service in the world. This week saw the report of the coronial inquest into the death of Kumanjayi Walker - shot dead six years ago by Canberra's own Zachary Rolfe, who left Canberra Grammar for the army and Afghanistan, then joined the NT Police Force. Rolfe was acquitted when charged with murder, but the inquest, while not traversing the acquittal, investigated the circumstances and background. Almost every confrontation has caused police spokesmen to demand that NT police are better equipped to face their tormentors. The recent Walker inquest is almost unique in suggesting that police moving around in Aboriginal settlements should not carry guns. But it would be bound to face heavy resistance from the police union, which controls the asylum. More representative of the Rolfe-like factions than bush cops or enlightened ones, it tends to believe that it is only by the gun that the Indigenous residents are awed. Perhaps it is strange that Aboriginal deaths in custody are only rarely at the hands of locals. The trouble tends to come when outsiders, disrespecting the locals, come in to show them how it is done. Yet NT police are like most state - and AFP - officers, in being more and more armed than ever. They are dressed as paramilitary figures, with armour, gas, tasers and guns, and any number of vehicles looking like tanks. Cops are doing more driving and shouting than walking and talking. Police public relations agents speak of community policing even as fewer cops are to be seen in the community, and more and more involved in petty administration such as rosters and fudging public complaints. Police activity is these days more intrusive, and with increasingly scant regard for privacy and dignity or human rights. They are increasingly not "of" the community in any sense. This is as true in the NT as in the ACT, except that, if anything, NT police numbers are such that they command significant local political power and a craven press. And, usually, they are at the top of the anti-woke crowd. During the inquest, we were read Rolfe's emails in which he complains to family, girlfriends and colleagues about the failure of the NT police to accept his request to join the tactical response group, the unit which has a tendency to think of itself as a civilian SAS. Fitness, guts and martial spirit count for nothing, his superior tells him. Rolfe has been told that he needs more experience in working with Aboriginal people, particularly in rural settlements. But Rolfe despises cops working in settlements and thinks them lazy and unambitious. "The order of preference these days is blacks, chicks, gays and lazy f---s ... and then [you]," said a colleague of Rolfe's in a text message exchange. The attitudes of young cops are repugnant, even to other more reasonable cops who cannot seem to change the culture. But it reflects the attitudes of many young men and women (white men and women, that is) in the Alice Springs community. From about 15 minutes after they blow in - and about 80 per cent of white Territorians are blow-ins who weren't there 10 years ago, they inveigle against "Southerners" and folk in Canberra who reputedly have no idea of the privations they suffer. Chief of these is not remoteness, because the overwhelming proportion live in comfortable cities with schools and civic services of Canberra standard. It's the challenge of law and order coming from young Aboriginal men and women who have drifted into town but who do not find there comfortable accommodation, services or jobs. Mostly they hang around fringe camps and, when they can, and if they have the money, grog shops. Most would be better off, and in a less tumultuous environment, were they to remain in, or return to, settlements. But government, and boredom, is effectively pushing them out, in part by propagating the canard that welfare beneficiaries should go where the work is, and that Alice Springs is such a place. It isn't, at least for drifters without much education or experience. The lawlessness is obvious enough. It is the despair even of people well-disposed to Aboriginal people, and a substantial Aboriginal middle class, because it manifests itself in burglaries and theft, in fighting, and in young people drifting around the streets at all hours of the day or night. It is also manifest in drug and alcohol abuse, most of which, given the practical homelessness of many of the offenders, is in the street or on the riverbeds. It is, of course, also the despair of the police, white traders, and government officials, at all levels of government. In over 100 years of white settlement, non-Aboriginal culture has found itself unable to cope with the phenomenon and bereft of new ideas. They have tried curfews, originally requiring all Aboriginal people to be out of town at sundown, now reintroduced around grog laws and slightly more sophisticated. They have tried any number of welfare schemes, sports and other youth activity services, some of which alas, aggravate the lure of the city without adding much to its social capital. Most of all, they have tried the "firm hand", usually at the hands of the police. The NT is currently going through a law-and-order phase. The white electorate voted enthusiastically for a "do the crime, do the time" regime, even for juveniles, and has wound back the ages at which children are held criminally responsible. Over the past year, imprisonment rates, already among the highest and most shameful in the world, have virtually doubled, if with no discernible effect on obvious street crime. An enormous proportion of Aboriginal folk are behind bars for minor traffic crimes. Only a few years ago, the inadequacy of juvenile detention facilities was an international scandal and the subject of a royal commission. The government, and, it seems, most of the white population, have decided to give up on it: crowding and abuse in juvenile detention centres and jails is now manifestly worse than before. The coroner in the Walker inquest found that the NT police service was racist, sexist, and homophobic. It was also adept at evasiveness and avoiding accountability and responsibility. It had almost a reflex propensity to cover up misbehaviour by officers, and to look after mates, right or wrong. That tendency was balanced by considerable bitching and backstabbing, and failures of leadership and supervision by officers at the sergeant level. RELATED: Who is Zachary Rolfe: the story of the NT cop with prominent Canberra parents Had Rolfe been held accountable earlier in his career for his propensity to prefer violence as a solution, Walker's death at Yuendumu might not have occurred. Some of the internal police correspondence between senior police also suggested a culture of blame-shifting and attempts to limit the scope of the inquiry while always pretending to be entirely cooperative. Leaving Rolfe out of it, a number of very senior cops have, over recent years, been active in perverting the course of justice, and sometimes convicted of it. It is, in this, a semi-criminal organisation in urgent need of fundamental reform. Perhaps like the Australian Public Service after three years of half-hearted efforts to root out and punish the perversion of good administration of the Scott Morrison era. Or perhaps put another way, a fairly typical bureaucracy in which the control systems, such as the Australian Public Service Commission, have been a central and essential part of the mechanisms for keeping the public out of the loop about rorting and corruption in the system. MORE JACK WATERFORD: One must bear this in mind when considering the shocking findings of the coroner, Elisabeth Armitage. No one can be surprised at findings about many of the NT police members being systemically racist, sexist and homophobic, but the force is still treated with respect by politicians, and, usually, the media. The crisis of Aboriginal lawlessness - which generates the usual free pass for police misbehaviour - is real enough, but the reality of conditions under which police lawlessness and violence come into regular conflict with Aboriginal lawlessness and violence is too often overlooked. On balance, I am on the side of law and order, but they do carry a lot of lead in their saddle. There are noble NT cops, and people doing their best, particularly in Aboriginal communities, but the credit this deserves is undermined by the open contempt that many frontline cops have for the law. And many of those provide the political context for demands for "firm action". The primary industry in the NT is skimming off government grants for Indigenous services. Business is booming, not least from $4 billion the federal government is throwing at Aboriginal housing to be seen to be doing "something". So is money from programs intended to recreate Aboriginal-controlled services deliberately destroyed by governments, Liberal then Labor, from nearly 20 years ago. And, these days, as the extent of need for disability services is being understood, in rorting the NDIS scheme. As ever, most of the money being spent on Aboriginal welfare is going to white contractors and white public servants. But when the music stops, Aboriginal people cop the blame for being feckless and irresponsible, as if they wasted it themselves. It is always hard to compare the honesty and competence of the varieties of territorial government on offer. But a good many rate the nepotism, jobbery, and corruption of the current regime up there with champions of old, not least for the semi-Trumpian tendency of simply ignoring unpleasant information, acting without announcement and, as ever, blaming shortcomings on Canberra. Particularly pronounced, in both Labor and Liberal National Party governments, is the "Buggins's turn" philosophy by which successive regimes believe they have the right to throw out public servants regarded as the other side's mates and cronies and install instead one's own mates and cronies. This is always a sure guarantee that corruption is endemic. What is not happening is any external will to hold miscreants to account, particularly given the fact NT federal seats are marginal. To think it was only 40 years ago when a federal minister for finance, Peter Walsh, announced he had decided the cost of featherbedding the NT for endless uneconomic projects was greater than the political advantage of holding NT seats. It had to stop. It hasn't. In 1972, police at an Aboriginal settlement at Papunya, several hundred kilometres west of Alice Springs, closed down a travelling Slim Dusty concert after some of the young men somehow got access to alcohol and became drunk. Many in the crowd welcomed action against the drunks ruining the concert but resented the element of group punishment in having the concert abruptly stopped. Some, including some of the troublemakers, walked to the heavily fenced police compound and began shouting. Someone threw stones on the roof. There were police wives and children in the dwellings, and a constable emerged with a shotgun. He fired into the air, and, soon after, the crowd dispersed. The next morning, ABC AM ran a one-sided report on the "riot", calling for all police in outback settlements to be issued with Armalite automatic rifles so they could defend their nearest and dearest when under attack. A score or so of people were charged over the disorder, and the matter came before the notorious Alice Springs magistrate, "Scrubby'' Hall. When the cop told of firing his shotgun in the air, Scrubby stopped him to ask why he didn't fire directly into the crowd. Scrubby was regularly given to giving vent to his prejudices, though usually they did not get anything like the circulation of the above instance. Some of his defenders insisted that his outbursts were teases of his lack of affection for what today might be called "woke" Southerners oozing sympathy for Aboriginal people or disapproval of how cops set out to handle Indigenous people. I never saw him engage his brain before opening his mouth. His usual habit if he realised that he had gone too far was not to apologise but to "row back", usually with an acquittal on some highly technical and seemingly invented ground, or with a sentence so mild that the defendant would have been mad to appeal. That way, it would not come up for critical comment from a higher court. It was not so easy when his words had sped down the overland telegraph. The federal attorney-general, Lionel Murphy, intervened in the case. Nothing that Murphy, or the Whitlam government, or any other person from Canberra has ever done since has had much effect on the culture of the NT Police Force or done much to prevent repeats of what became known as the "great Papunya massacre". Nor has it ever succeeded in affecting a prevailing culture of the white residents of the NT, many of whom, thanks to remoteness subsidies intended for the benefit of Indigenous residents, give non-Aboriginal residents one of the highest standards of government service in the world. This week saw the report of the coronial inquest into the death of Kumanjayi Walker - shot dead six years ago by Canberra's own Zachary Rolfe, who left Canberra Grammar for the army and Afghanistan, then joined the NT Police Force. Rolfe was acquitted when charged with murder, but the inquest, while not traversing the acquittal, investigated the circumstances and background. Almost every confrontation has caused police spokesmen to demand that NT police are better equipped to face their tormentors. The recent Walker inquest is almost unique in suggesting that police moving around in Aboriginal settlements should not carry guns. But it would be bound to face heavy resistance from the police union, which controls the asylum. More representative of the Rolfe-like factions than bush cops or enlightened ones, it tends to believe that it is only by the gun that the Indigenous residents are awed. Perhaps it is strange that Aboriginal deaths in custody are only rarely at the hands of locals. The trouble tends to come when outsiders, disrespecting the locals, come in to show them how it is done. Yet NT police are like most state - and AFP - officers, in being more and more armed than ever. They are dressed as paramilitary figures, with armour, gas, tasers and guns, and any number of vehicles looking like tanks. Cops are doing more driving and shouting than walking and talking. Police public relations agents speak of community policing even as fewer cops are to be seen in the community, and more and more involved in petty administration such as rosters and fudging public complaints. Police activity is these days more intrusive, and with increasingly scant regard for privacy and dignity or human rights. They are increasingly not "of" the community in any sense. This is as true in the NT as in the ACT, except that, if anything, NT police numbers are such that they command significant local political power and a craven press. And, usually, they are at the top of the anti-woke crowd. During the inquest, we were read Rolfe's emails in which he complains to family, girlfriends and colleagues about the failure of the NT police to accept his request to join the tactical response group, the unit which has a tendency to think of itself as a civilian SAS. Fitness, guts and martial spirit count for nothing, his superior tells him. Rolfe has been told that he needs more experience in working with Aboriginal people, particularly in rural settlements. But Rolfe despises cops working in settlements and thinks them lazy and unambitious. "The order of preference these days is blacks, chicks, gays and lazy f---s ... and then [you]," said a colleague of Rolfe's in a text message exchange. The attitudes of young cops are repugnant, even to other more reasonable cops who cannot seem to change the culture. But it reflects the attitudes of many young men and women (white men and women, that is) in the Alice Springs community. From about 15 minutes after they blow in - and about 80 per cent of white Territorians are blow-ins who weren't there 10 years ago, they inveigle against "Southerners" and folk in Canberra who reputedly have no idea of the privations they suffer. Chief of these is not remoteness, because the overwhelming proportion live in comfortable cities with schools and civic services of Canberra standard. It's the challenge of law and order coming from young Aboriginal men and women who have drifted into town but who do not find there comfortable accommodation, services or jobs. Mostly they hang around fringe camps and, when they can, and if they have the money, grog shops. Most would be better off, and in a less tumultuous environment, were they to remain in, or return to, settlements. But government, and boredom, is effectively pushing them out, in part by propagating the canard that welfare beneficiaries should go where the work is, and that Alice Springs is such a place. It isn't, at least for drifters without much education or experience. The lawlessness is obvious enough. It is the despair even of people well-disposed to Aboriginal people, and a substantial Aboriginal middle class, because it manifests itself in burglaries and theft, in fighting, and in young people drifting around the streets at all hours of the day or night. It is also manifest in drug and alcohol abuse, most of which, given the practical homelessness of many of the offenders, is in the street or on the riverbeds. It is, of course, also the despair of the police, white traders, and government officials, at all levels of government. In over 100 years of white settlement, non-Aboriginal culture has found itself unable to cope with the phenomenon and bereft of new ideas. They have tried curfews, originally requiring all Aboriginal people to be out of town at sundown, now reintroduced around grog laws and slightly more sophisticated. They have tried any number of welfare schemes, sports and other youth activity services, some of which alas, aggravate the lure of the city without adding much to its social capital. Most of all, they have tried the "firm hand", usually at the hands of the police. The NT is currently going through a law-and-order phase. The white electorate voted enthusiastically for a "do the crime, do the time" regime, even for juveniles, and has wound back the ages at which children are held criminally responsible. Over the past year, imprisonment rates, already among the highest and most shameful in the world, have virtually doubled, if with no discernible effect on obvious street crime. An enormous proportion of Aboriginal folk are behind bars for minor traffic crimes. Only a few years ago, the inadequacy of juvenile detention facilities was an international scandal and the subject of a royal commission. The government, and, it seems, most of the white population, have decided to give up on it: crowding and abuse in juvenile detention centres and jails is now manifestly worse than before. The coroner in the Walker inquest found that the NT police service was racist, sexist, and homophobic. It was also adept at evasiveness and avoiding accountability and responsibility. It had almost a reflex propensity to cover up misbehaviour by officers, and to look after mates, right or wrong. That tendency was balanced by considerable bitching and backstabbing, and failures of leadership and supervision by officers at the sergeant level. RELATED: Who is Zachary Rolfe: the story of the NT cop with prominent Canberra parents Had Rolfe been held accountable earlier in his career for his propensity to prefer violence as a solution, Walker's death at Yuendumu might not have occurred. Some of the internal police correspondence between senior police also suggested a culture of blame-shifting and attempts to limit the scope of the inquiry while always pretending to be entirely cooperative. Leaving Rolfe out of it, a number of very senior cops have, over recent years, been active in perverting the course of justice, and sometimes convicted of it. It is, in this, a semi-criminal organisation in urgent need of fundamental reform. Perhaps like the Australian Public Service after three years of half-hearted efforts to root out and punish the perversion of good administration of the Scott Morrison era. Or perhaps put another way, a fairly typical bureaucracy in which the control systems, such as the Australian Public Service Commission, have been a central and essential part of the mechanisms for keeping the public out of the loop about rorting and corruption in the system. MORE JACK WATERFORD: One must bear this in mind when considering the shocking findings of the coroner, Elisabeth Armitage. No one can be surprised at findings about many of the NT police members being systemically racist, sexist and homophobic, but the force is still treated with respect by politicians, and, usually, the media. The crisis of Aboriginal lawlessness - which generates the usual free pass for police misbehaviour - is real enough, but the reality of conditions under which police lawlessness and violence come into regular conflict with Aboriginal lawlessness and violence is too often overlooked. On balance, I am on the side of law and order, but they do carry a lot of lead in their saddle. There are noble NT cops, and people doing their best, particularly in Aboriginal communities, but the credit this deserves is undermined by the open contempt that many frontline cops have for the law. And many of those provide the political context for demands for "firm action". The primary industry in the NT is skimming off government grants for Indigenous services. Business is booming, not least from $4 billion the federal government is throwing at Aboriginal housing to be seen to be doing "something". So is money from programs intended to recreate Aboriginal-controlled services deliberately destroyed by governments, Liberal then Labor, from nearly 20 years ago. And, these days, as the extent of need for disability services is being understood, in rorting the NDIS scheme. As ever, most of the money being spent on Aboriginal welfare is going to white contractors and white public servants. But when the music stops, Aboriginal people cop the blame for being feckless and irresponsible, as if they wasted it themselves. It is always hard to compare the honesty and competence of the varieties of territorial government on offer. But a good many rate the nepotism, jobbery, and corruption of the current regime up there with champions of old, not least for the semi-Trumpian tendency of simply ignoring unpleasant information, acting without announcement and, as ever, blaming shortcomings on Canberra. Particularly pronounced, in both Labor and Liberal National Party governments, is the "Buggins's turn" philosophy by which successive regimes believe they have the right to throw out public servants regarded as the other side's mates and cronies and install instead one's own mates and cronies. This is always a sure guarantee that corruption is endemic. What is not happening is any external will to hold miscreants to account, particularly given the fact NT federal seats are marginal. To think it was only 40 years ago when a federal minister for finance, Peter Walsh, announced he had decided the cost of featherbedding the NT for endless uneconomic projects was greater than the political advantage of holding NT seats. It had to stop. It hasn't.
Otago Daily Times
06-07-2025
- Sport
- Otago Daily Times
Steel, Pulse fighting for third playoff spot
Southerners never like to leave their fate to Aucklanders. But Southern Steel fans will be hoping their northern counterparts can throw them a bone in the next couple of weeks. Two rounds remain in the ANZ Premiership season — scaled back to 10 games this season — and the hunt for a finals spot has never been tighter for the Steel. The Steel will face the defending champion Northern Mystics on Sunday and wrap up the regular season against the Northern Stars at home in Invercargill on July 14. But if things go their way — and other results fall nicely, too — there is every chance the Steel could make a welcome return to the playoffs for the first time since 2021. The Steel are fourth on the ladder, but share the same record, and points, as the third-placed Central Pulse with four wins and four losses for 13 points. The Pulse have the edge in goal percentage — 108% compared to the Steel's 103%. The Wellington side did the Steel no favours in beating the Mainland Tactix 59-50 last weekend and knocking them off the top of the table. That left the way for the Mystics to claim top spot. The Steel pushed the Mystics all the way and came up agonisingly short in a 55-54 loss in Dunedin in May. Both teams have had changes since then. Australian Donnell Wallam, who hurt her wrist against the Steel, returned in the last round for the Mystics, and Silver Fern and co-captain Kate Heffernan is back in the Steel's midcourt. The Mystics have lost only one of their seven games this season and will be a tough task at home. The Steel then face the Stars, who have had a horror injury run this season, picking up only one win. Considering the Steel thumped them 62-46 last month, it is safe to assume this is a winnable game for the Steel. The Steel have to put their foot down in both games and deny other teams a bonus point — teams get three points for a win and one bonus point for losing by fewer than five — to stay in contention. The Pulse loom as the biggest problem for the Steel's playoff hopes. They face the Magic (fifth) and Stars (sixth) in their final two games of the season and are likely to win both those encounters if they fire. The Pulse will also be desperate to put up some big performances to edge their goal percentage further ahead of the Steel's. The Magic, who sit 2-6 for eight points, are still an outside chance for the finals but have a tough task against the Pulse and Tactix to round out the season. After meeting the Steel this weekend, the Mystics wrap up the regular season in a big clash with the Tactix. If the Tactix beat the Magic this weekend, their game against the Mystics could determine who hosts the final and snags top spot. Whoever finishes top of the table gets the week off and hosts the final, while No 2 will play No 3 in the elimination final. ANZ Premiership The standings • Northern Mystics: 7-1, 21 points (next opponents: Steel, Tactix) • Mainland Tactix: 6-2, 19 points (next opponents: Magic, Mystics) • Central Pulse: 4-4, 13 points (next opponents: Stars, Magic) • Southern Steel: 4-4, 13 points (next opponents: Mystics, Stars) • Waikato-Bay of Plenty Magic: 2-6, 8 points (next opponents: Tactix, Pulse) • Northern Stars: 1-7, 3 points (next opponents: Pulse, Steel)
UPI
01-07-2025
- Health
- UPI
Pop, soda or coke? The fizzy history behind a linguistic debate
The word you use generally boils down to where you're from: Midwesterners enjoy a good pop, while soda is tops in the North and far West. Southerners, long the cultural mavericks, don't bat an eyelash asking for coke -– lowercase. Photo by Vika_Glitter/ Pixabay With burgers sizzling and classic rock thumping, many Americans revel in summer cookouts -- at least until that wayward cousin asks for a "pop" in soda country, or even worse, a "coke" when they actually want a Sprite. Few American linguistic debates have bubbled quite as long and effervescently as the one over whether a generic soft drink should be called a soda, pop or coke. The word you use generally boils down to where you're from: Midwesterners enjoy a good pop, while soda is tops in the North and far West. Southerners, long the cultural mavericks, don't bat an eyelash asking for coke -- lowercase -- before homing in on exactly the type they want: Perhaps a root beer or a Coke, uppercase. As a linguist who studies American dialects, I'm less interested in this regional divide and far more fascinated by the unexpected history behind how a fizzy "health" drink from the early 1800s spawned the modern soft drink's many names and iterations. Bubbles, anyone? Foods and drinks with wellness benefits might seem like a modern phenomenon, but the urge to create drinks with medicinal properties inspired what might be called a soda revolution in the 1800s. The process of carbonating water was discovered in the late 1700s. By the early 1800s, this carbonated water had become popular as a health drink and was often referred to as "soda water." The word "soda" likely came from "sodium," since these drinks often contained salts, which were then believed to have healing properties. Given its alleged curative effects for health issues such as indigestion, pharmacists sold soda water at soda fountains, innovative devices that created carbonated water to be sold by the glass. A chemistry professor, Benjamin Stillman, set up the first such device in a drugstore in New Haven, Conn., in 1806. Its eventual success inspired a boom of soda fountains in drugstores and health spas. By the mid-1800s, pharmacists were creating unique root-, fruit- and herb-infused concoctions, such as sassafras-based root beer, at their soda fountains, often marketing them as cures for everything from fatigue to foul moods. These flavored, sweetened versions gave rise to the linking of the word "soda" with a sweetened carbonated beverage, as opposed to simple, carbonated water. Seltzer - today's popular term for such sparkling water - was around, too. But it was used only for the naturally carbonated mineral water from the German town Nieder-Selters. Unlike Perrier, sourced similarly from a specific spring in France, seltzer made the leap to becoming a generic term for fizzy water. Regional naming patterns So how did "soda" come to be called so many different things in different places? It all stems from a mix of economic enterprise and linguistic ingenuity. The popularity of "soda" in the Northeast likely reflects the soda fountain's longer history in the region. Since a lot of Americans living in the Northeast migrated to California in the mid-to-late 1800s, the name likely traveled west with them. As for the Midwestern preference for "pop" -- well, the earliest American use of the term to refer to a sparkling beverage appeared in the 1840s in the name of a flavored version called "ginger pop." Such ginger-flavored pop, though, was around in Britain by 1816, since a Newcastle songbook is where you can first see it used in text. The "pop" seems to be onomatopoeic for the noise made when the cork was released from the bottle before drinking. Linguists don't fully know why "pop" became so popular in the Midwest. But one theory links it to a Michigan bottling company, Feigenson Brothers Bottling Works -- today known as Faygo Beverages -- that used "pop" in the name of the sodas it marketed and sold. Another theory suggests that because bottles were more common in the region, soda drinkers were more likely to hear the "pop" sound than in the Northeast, where soda fountains reigned. As for using coke generically, the first Coca-Cola was served in 1886 by Dr. John Pemberton, a pharmacist at Jacobs' Pharmacy in Atlanta and the founder of the company. In the 1900s, the Coca-Cola Co. tried to stamp out the use of "Coke" for "Coca-Cola." But that ship had already sailed. Since Coca-Cola originated and was overwhelmingly popular in the South, its generic use grew out of the fact that people almost always asked for "Coke." As with Jell-O, Kleenex, Band-Aids and seltzer, it became a generic term. What's soft about it? Speaking of soft drinks, what's up with that term? It was originally used to distinguish all nonalcoholic drinks from "hard drinks," or beverages that contain spirits. Interestingly, the original Coca-Cola formula included wine -- resembling a type of alcoholic "health" drink popular overseas, Vin Mariani. But Pemberton went on to develop a "soft" version a few years later to be sold as a medicinal drink. Due to the growing popularity of soda water concoctions, eventually "soft drink" came to mean only such sweetened carbonated beverages, a linguistic testament to America's enduring love affair with sugar and bubbles. With the average American guzzling almost 40 gallons per year, you can call it whatever you what. Just don't call it healthy. Valerie M. Fridland is a professor of Linguistics at the University of Nevada-Reno. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. The views and opinions in this commentary are solely those of the author.
