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Indian Express
22-07-2025
- Science
- Indian Express
Ahead of NASA's mission, James Webb telescope finds cues of a liquid water ocean under Europa's surface
Jupiter's icy moon Europa has been one of the most promising places in our solar system to find environments suitable for life beyond Earth. In the 1960s, ground-based telescopic observations noted that Europa's surface was mostly made of water ice, with scientists speculating that the almost Earth-sized moon has a saltwater ocean that holds twice as much water as our planet. Now, new observations from the James Webb Telescope (JWST) are revealing that Europa, which was often pictured as a still, silent shell actually has an active surface. In a series of experiments conducted by Southwest Research Institute, it was found that Europa's surface ice is crystallising at different rates in different places. This suggests that the planet is currently undergoing geologic activity, with scientists labelling the ongoing cycle between the subsurface and surface as 'chaos terrains'. The study focused on two regions located in Europa's southern hemisphere – Tar Regio and Powys Regio, with the latter often referred to as one of the most intriguing areas on the moon's surface. In these locations, the James Webb Telescope found crystallised ice both on the surface and below it. The experiments were crucial for scientists to understand how the ice transforms between different states. The result of these experiments, when combined with the newly received data from the James Webb Telescope, hints that Europa's subsurface may be hiding a huge liquid ocean beneath the surface. Scientists also found some clues that Europa may have Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen peroxide. Upon further evaluation, it was found that CO2 on Europa's surface is unstable due to the moon's radioactive environment, which suggests that these geological processes were recent. Ujjwal Raut, a program manager at the Southwest Research Institute and the co-author of the study, said that the 'data showed strong indications that what we are seeing must be sourced from the interior, perhaps from a subsurface ocean nearly 20 miles (30 kilometers) beneath Europa's thick icy shell. The evidence for a liquid ocean underneath Europa's icy shell is mounting, which makes this so exciting as we continue to learn more.' In October last year, NASA launched Europa Clipper, a spacecraft that will explore Europa to determine if its underground ocean is habitable. However, the spacecraft will first head towards Mars and take around five and a half years to reach Jupiter's icy moon.
Gizmodo
20-07-2025
- Science
- Gizmodo
Astronomers Detect Entirely New Type of Plasma Wave Above Jupiter's North Pole
Since entering Jupiter's orbit in 2016, NASA's Juno spacecraft has been hard at work unveiling the many mysteries of our solar system's largest planet. And its latest discovery may be one of the most intriguing yet: an entirely new type of plasma wave near Jupiter's poles. In a paper published Wednesday in Physical Review Letters, astronomers describe an unusual pattern of plasma waves in Jupiter's magnetosphere—a magnetic 'bubble' shielding the planet from external radiation. Jupiter's exceptionally powerful magnetic field appears to be forcing two very different types of plasmas to jiggle in tandem, creating a unique flow of charged particles and atoms in its polar regions. Plasma is a key force in shaping Jupiter's turbulent atmosphere. As such, the researchers believe the new observations will further advance our understanding of not only Jupiter's weather events but also the magnetic properties of distant exoplanets. For the study, the researchers analyzed the behavior of plasma waves in Jupiter's magnetosphere containing highly magnetized, low-density plasma. The team, a collaboration between researchers from the University of Minnesota, the University of Iowa, and the Southwest Research Institute, Texas, found an unexpected oscillation between Alfvén waves and Langmuir waves, which reflect the movement of the plasma's atoms and the movement of the electrons in the plasma, respectively. Electrons are much lighter than charged atoms, meaning that, normally, the two wave types ripple at very different frequencies—which was clearly not the case for Jupiter's magnetosphere, prompting the researchers to take a closer look. The ensuing investigation unveiled a never-before-seen type of plasma oscillation near Jupiter's poles. 'The observed plasma properties are really unusual, not found before and elsewhere in our solar system,' John Leif Jørgensen, a planetary scientist at the Technical University of Denmark who wasn't involved in the new work, told New Scientist. Unlike Earth's auroras, which are caused by solar storms, Jupiter's auroras—a barrage of frisky, superfast particles that are hundreds of times more energetic than auroras on Earth—sometimes emerge as a product of its powerful magnetic field. Getting a better grasp on how such phenomena work could be valuable information for future missions in the search for alien life on exoplanets, according to the study authors. Detailed New Images of Jupiter's Aurora Reveal Strange and Unexplained Brightness 'While such conditions do not occur [on] Earth, it is possible that they apply in polar regions of the other giant planets and potentially in strongly magnetized exoplanets or stars,' the astronomers wrote in the paper. 'Jupiter is the Rosetta Stone of our solar system,' said Scott Bolton, Juno's principal investigator, in NASA's introductory page for the spacecraft. 'Juno is going there as our emissary—to interpret what Jupiter has to say.' Initially, NASA expected Juno's mission to conclude in 2017, when they would intentionally steer the spacecraft into Jupiter's atmosphere, a decision that adheres to NASA's planetary protection requirements. But Juno's flight path evolved over time, and NASA concluded that the spacecraft no longer posed a threat to Jupiter's moons. As a result, the agency authorized extensions to the mission. Heck Yes, NASA's Juno and InSight Missions Are Getting Bonus Time That being said, the scientists do believe that, by September this year, Juno's orbit will degrade naturally, and it will be gobbled up by Jupiter's atmosphere. However, this by no means ends humanity's exploration of Jupiter; Europa Clipper is slated to reach Europa, Jupiter's moon, in 2030 (the last time we checked, it did some sightseeing near Mars). Of course, even after Jupiter consumes Juno, scientists will still have loads of invaluable data from the spacecraft that they'll continue to meticulously analyze for years to come.
National Geographic
16-07-2025
- Science
- National Geographic
The best window to see Pluto all year is closing
Pluto's thin, blue haze glows in this image from NASA's New Horizons spacecraft. Though the dwarf planet is just a faint speck through a telescope, opposition this month offers skywatchers their best chance to spot it from Earth. Composite Photograph by NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute A once-a-year alignment makes the dwarf planet easier to spot—if you know where to look. Think you can spot Pluto? On July 25, the famously elusive dwarf planet reaches opposition—its best and brightest moment of the year. That makes now the ideal time to try to catch a glimpse of it from your own backyard. But be warned: Even at its brightest, Pluto is still a barely-there speck, even through a telescope. But for those willing to search, it's a cosmic scavenger hunt—and a rare chance to see a world nearly four billion miles away. What is opposition—and why is it the best time to see Pluto? In astronomy, opposition is when a celestial body lies directly opposite the sun from Earth's point of view, placing our planet squarely in the middle. That alignment means the object rises as the sun sets and stays visible all night, making it the best time to observe it. (See National Geographic's first map of Pluto.) What makes opposition so useful for stargazing is a phenomenon known as the opposition effect. 'Things tend to get brighter when they're lit at a smaller phase angle, which is the angle between the sun's rays and the target and the observer. That shrinks to close to zero at opposition,' says Will Grundy, a planetary scientist at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, where Pluto was discovered. You can see this principle in action on Earth. When the sun is low in the sky, objects create long shadows. But when the sun is directly overhead, those shadows get much smaller, and sometimes they even disappear entirely. At opposition, Pluto's terrain has the fewest shadows, making the dwarf planet appear brighter to us. Pluto and its moon Charon perform a cosmic dance in this 2015 color movie from NASA's New Horizons mission. Animation by NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute Pluto nearly fills the frame in this image from NASA's New Horizons spacecraft, taken just before its closest approach in 2015. Photograph by NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute Because Pluto is so dim, you need a telescope to see it. 'A backyard telescope could do it under the right conditions,' says Grundy. Or you could visit a local observatory and use one of their publicly accessible telescopes. Lowell Observatory, for instance, has a suite of instruments on-site that the public can use six nights per week. But even with a telescope, the sky must be extremely dark to see Pluto. Light pollution, whether from artificial lights or the moon, will easily wash out the dwarf planet. (Did Pluto ever actually stop being a planet? Experts debate.) To find Pluto in dark enough skies, consult a star chart to determine its approximate location. 'It'll just look like one of many faint stars,' says Grundy. But Pluto moves slowly. 'It moves at about three arcseconds per hour, so you won't see it move unless you're willing to wait multiple hours,' says Grundy. You don't have to catch Pluto on July 25 exactly. Because it's so distant—about 3.7 billion miles from the sun—it remains near peak brightness for several days before and after opposition. 'It's a challenge, so it's kind of cool to be able to see Pluto,' says Grundy. These photographic plates helped astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discover Pluto in 1930. By comparing nearly identical images of the night sky with a device called a blink comparator, he found a tiny object (marked by arrows) outside the orbit of Neptune, which was named Pluto. Photograph by Detlev Van Ravenswaay, Science Photo Library Pluto's origin story begins with two other planets. After Uranus was discovered in 1781, astronomers realized that an undiscovered planet might be perturbing Uranus' orbit. 'Sure enough, Neptune was discovered basically bang-on where astronomers predicted it should be,' says Grady. But Percival Lowell, the founder of Lowell Observatory, believed there to be another planet affecting Uranus' orbit: a mysterious 'Planet X.' After a decade of searching, Lowell died in 1916 without finding it. (Discover seven other night sky events to see in July.) Eventually, the search resumed at Lowell Observatory, culminating in Clyde Tombaugh's discovery of Pluto in 1930. As it turns out, Pluto wasn't the gravitational culprit Lowell had imagined. It was far too small to tug on Uranus's orbit in any meaningful way. But it was still a monumental discovery: the solar system's ninth planet—at least until its reclassification as a dwarf planet in 2006. To find Pluto, Tombaugh diligently photographed the night sky, then used a machine to compare two photographic plates, looking for any tiny pinpricks that moved. That's essentially the same method Grundy suggests stargazers use in July to ensure they're looking at Pluto. Following its discovery, Pluto remained just a faint dot until the 1990s, when the Hubble Space Telescope provided some grainy images showing light and dark spots. But it wasn't until 2015 that we got a close-up look at Pluto, thanks to a flyby by NASA's New Horizons spacecraft. The images showed a dynamic, geologically active planet with icy mountains, nitrogen glaciers, and even hints of a subsurface ocean. 'It could be inhabitable if there's liquid water and lots of organic materials and rocks for minerals,' says Grundy, who serves as a co-investigator on the New Horizons mission. That revelation has major implications for astrobiology. 'Pluto moved the goalpost of where inhabitable planetary settings are—much, much farther away from the sun than we ever thought possible,' says Grundy. 'And the same thing will be true around other stars, too. Basically, the inhabitable zone just expanded hugely.'
UPI
12-07-2025
- Science
- UPI
Pluto photos from NASA's New Horizons still captivating scientists decade later
NASA's New Horizon spacecraft captured this image of Pluto on July 14, 2015, showing the planet's diversity of geological and compositional features. File Photo courtesy of NASA | License Photo For decades, Pluto remained one of the most mysterious objects in our solar system, until July 14, 2015, when NASA's New Horizons spacecraft became the first mission to visit it up close, capturing breathtaking images of the distant world. It took over nine years for New Horizons to reach Pluto after blasting off atop an Atlas 5 rocket on Jan. 19, 2006. After traveling billions of miles through the solar system, New Horizons sent home stunning images of Pluto and its moons, making headlines around the world. It took more than 15 months for the spacecraft to send all of the 6.25 gigabytes of photos and data home for scientists to study. "Such a lengthy period was necessary because the spacecraft was roughly 4.5 light-hours from Earth and it could only transmit 1-2 kilobits per second," NASA said. Here are some of the best images of Pluto and its moon Charon: A composite of enhanced color images of Pluto (lower right) and Charon (upper left), taken by NASA's New Horizons spacecraft as it passed through the Pluto system on July 14, 2015. Photo courtesy of NASA This image of haze layers above Pluto limb was taken by NASA New Horizons spacecraft. About 20 haze layers are seen. Photo courtesy of NASA Pluto nearly fills the frame in this image from NASA's New Horizons spacecraft. The image was taken on July 13, 2015, when the spacecraft was 476,000 miles (768,000 kilometers) from the surface. Photo by NASA, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and Southwest Research Institute NASA New Horizons scientists believe that the informally named feature Wright Mons, located south of Sputnik Planum on Pluto, and another, Piccard Mons, could have been formed by the cryovolcanic eruption of ices from beneath Pluto's surface. Photo courtesy of NASA and JPL A detailed global mosaic color map of Pluto is based on a series of three color filter images obtained by the Ralph/Multispectral Visual Imaging Camera aboard New Horizons during the NASA spacecraft's close flyby of Pluto in July 2015. Photo by NASA and JPL The International Astronomical Union (IAU), the internationally recognized authority for naming celestial bodies and their surface features, approved names of 14 surface features on Pluto in August 2017. Image from NASA, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and Southwest Research Institute An enhanced color mosaic of Pluto taken approximately 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto. Image by NASA, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and Southwest Research Institute This image was made just 15 minutes after New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto on July 14, 2015, as the spacecraft looked back at Pluto toward the sun. Photo courtesy fo NASA and JPL The Pluto flyby changed what astronomers thought they knew about that tiny world. Instead of being just a cold rock, Pluto turned out to have ice mountains as tall as the Rockies, strange heart-shaped plains and even signs of possible underground oceans. The mission also gave us our first close-up look at Pluto's largest moon, Charon, which has deep canyons and a huge dark spot at the pole. It was like discovering a whole new world hiding at the edge of our solar system.
Boston Globe
21-06-2025
- Science
- Boston Globe
It turns out weather on other planets is a lot like on Earth
Related : Advertisement But by leveraging the sheer amount of knowledge and data about our planet, scientists can get a head start on understanding the inner workings of storms or vortexes on other planetary bodies. In some cases, the models provide almost everything we know about some otherworldly atmospheric processes. 'Our planetary atmosphere models are derived almost exclusively from these Earth models,' said Scot Rafkin, a planetary meteorologist at the Southwest Research Institute. 'Studying the weather on other planets helps us with Earth and vice versa.' Satellite photo of the Baltic Sea surrounding Gotland, Sweden, with algae bloom swirling in the water. The churning clouds near Jupiter's pole appear like ocean currents on Earth — as if you're looking at small edges and meandering fronts in the Baltic Sea. European Space Agency Vortexes on Jupiter If you looked at the churning clouds near Jupiter's pole, they appear like ocean currents on Earth - as if you're looking at small edges and meandering fronts in the Baltic Sea. 'This looks so much like turbulence I'm seeing in our own ocean. They must be covered by at least some similar dynamics,' Lia Siegelman, a physical oceanographer at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, recalled the first time she saw images of vortexes from NASA's Juno mission, which entered Jupiter's orbit in 2016. Advertisement Working with planetary scientists, she applied her understanding of the ocean physics on Earth to the gas giant in computer models. Whether it's in air or water on any planet, she found the laws of physics that govern turbulent fluids is the same (even though the vortex on Jupiter is about 10 times larger than one on Earth). When cyclones and anticyclones (which spin in the opposite direction) interact in the ocean, they create a boundary of different water masses and characteristics - known as a front. She and her colleagues found the same phenomenon occurs in cyclones at Jupiter's poles, showing similar swirls. 'By studying convection on Earth, we were also able to spot that phenomenon occurring on Jupiter,' Siegelman said, even though Jupiter has relatively little data compared to Earth. Related : She and her colleagues also found a pattern never seen on Earth before: a cluster of cyclones in a symmetrical, repeating pattern near the poles of Jupiter. These 'polar vortex crystals' were observed in 2016 and have remained in place since. Despite never seeing them on Earth, she and other planetary scientists collaborated to reproduce these swirls in computer models - relying on 'just very simple physics.' 'Planetary scientists use a lot of the weather models that have been developed to study either the ocean or the atmosphere,' Siegelman said. 'By just knowing so much about the ocean and the atmosphere, we can just guide our analysis.' Advertisement This NASA handout photo shows beds of sandstone inclined to the southwest toward Mount Sharp and away from the Gale Crater rim on Mars. HANDOUT Dust storms on Mars If you plan to move to Mars, be prepared to face the dust storms. At their most intense, they can engulf the entire planet and last from days to months. The dirt can block sunlight and coat infrastructure. While scientists have observed many of these storms, they still don't know how to predict them. Dust storms operate similarly on Earth and Mars. Dust is lifted and heated, and rises like a hot-air balloon, Rafkin said. The rising air will suck in air from below to replace it. Air pressure drops near the surface, sucking in more wind that lifts the dust. As Mars spins, the angular momentum causes the dust storm to rotate. In reality, Martian dust storms are more similar to hurricanes on Earth in terms of their scale and circulation, said planetary scientist Claire Newman. She said the sources are different (Mars is a dust planet, whereas Earth is a water planet), but they have a similar effect on temperature and winds. But it's still unknown how these Martian dust storms form. On Earth, a winter storm with a cold front can lift the dust; scientists sometimes see similar dust lifting along cold fronts on Mars, but many storms just seem to pop up. Related : To predict a dust storm, scientists need to understand the circulation patterns on Mars - forecasting the cold front that can lift the dust, for instance. But it's something researchers don't yet understand. Wind measurements are scarce on Mars, aside from a few scattered measurement sites on its surface. With adjustments, Earth-based models can simulate the conditions that can lead to the uplifting winds and dust storms. 'Almost everything that we know about the circulation patterns on Mars come from models,' said Rafkin, adding that scientists 'have effectively no observations of the movement of the air on Mars.' Advertisement In this photo, sand blowing off fields creates a dust storm near Morton, Texas, in May 2021. Dust storms operate similarly on Earth and Mars. Jude Smith/Associated Press The models currently serve as the best way to understand dust storms on the Red Planet, unless more dedicated studies and stations are added, similar to Earth. 'We're basically applying these models to try and get a sense of what the environment is,' said Newman, 'before we send robots or potentially people there.' Rain on Titan The second-largest moon in our solar system, Titan is the only other known world besides Earth that has standing bodies of rivers, lakes and seas on its surface - consisting of liquid methane instead of water. That's partly why some scientists think it could be a future home for Earthlings, if we can just figure out the 750-million-mile journey and learn how to survive the minus-179 degree Celsius surface temperatures. But how did those lakes and oceans fill up? Even though it rains methane, the precipitation on Titan is very similar to that on Earth, Rafkin said. On Earth, take a chunk of air with water vapor, cool it off and the air becomes saturated to form a cloud. Those small cloud droplets can bump into one another or take in more water vapor to grow bigger. But eventually, the water vapor starts to condense into a liquid and brings rain. We've seen this process take place on Earth both naturally in the atmosphere and in labs enough times to understand the physics. But limited observations on Titan - effectively only visiting its atmosphere a handful of times - have caused scientists to turn to models. Using the same underlying physics, scientists can model the cloud-making process on this foreign body. And, the modeled clouds look a lot like the few they have observed in real life on Titan. Advertisement This November 2015 composite image made available by NASA shows an infrared view of Saturn's moon, Titan, as seen by the Cassini spacecraft. Titan is the only other known world besides Earth that has standing bodies of rivers, lakes and seas on its surface. AP 'If we try to model them and we get clouds, but they look totally bizarre and different than what we're observing, then that's an indication that maybe we're not representing the cloud processes correctly,' Rafkin said. 'But as it turns out, for the most part, when we model these things, we can produce clouds that look reasonably close to what we've observed.' Because of its incredibly dense atmosphere, Titan has storm clouds - two to four times taller than those on Earth - that are able to produce feet of methane rain. While scientists haven't observed such huge volumes, they have modeled the deluges based on the surface darkening as a storm passed - similar to how rain on soil or pavement darkens the surface on Earth. It's still a mystery where the methane comes from. But at least we know to bring a very, very sturdy raincoat if we ever visit Titan.
