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Indian Express
9 hours ago
- General
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 3 : Questions on flue‑gas desulphurization and maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region (Week 112)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-3 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for July 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Highlight the health and environmental consequences of delaying or exempting anti‑pollution equipment in ageing coal power plants. How do these consequences compare with the economic burden of installing flue‑gas desulphurization (FGDs)? Discuss the significance of commissioning INS Nistar and the impending INS Nipun for India's deep-sea operational preparedness and maritime security posture in the Indian Ocean Region. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Highlight the health and environmental consequences of delaying or exempting anti‑pollution equipment in ageing coal power plants. How do these consequences compare with the economic burden of installing flue‑gas desulphurization (FGDs)? Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The Environment Ministry has exempted the majority of India's coal-fired thermal plants from installing equipment to remove sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions, which are a major contributor to air pollution. Those remaining plants in Delhi-NCR must meet a December 2027 deadline, while the others will be requested to fit the devices on an individual basis. Originally, these plants were required to install FGD devices by 2017. However, over the years, they have received various extensions to comply. — Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) devices remove SO2 from flue gas, a thermal plant byproduct. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — When SO2 is discharged into the atmosphere, it normally reacts with ammonia (NH3) to form ammonium sulphate, which is responsible for about one-third of India's fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution, according to recent research by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. PM2.5 is harmful to human health since it can cause chronic illnesses such as asthma, heart attacks, bronchitis, and other respiratory issues. — Direct exposure to high levels of SO2 can cause irritation in the eyes, throat, and lungs. Long-term exposure can increase the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and early mortality. — SO2 also has an impact on the environment by causing acid rain, which can harm ecosystems. — The power sector, particularly coal-fired thermal plants, is one of India's largest producers of SO2 emissions. According to CREA research, SO2 levels were greater in 2023 than in 2019, with a significant increase in places dominated by coal-based thermal plants. According to the study, this showed 'the influence of power plant emissions on air quality'. — In 2015, the Environment Ministry issued the first emission standards for reducing SO2 and other hazardous chemicals from coal-fired thermal facilities. They were needed to install FGD devices by December of 2017. — However, this did not occur, as the deadline was extended four times at the request of thermal plants. They said that installing FGD devices was expensive and may result in a number of concerns, including power outages due to installation shutdowns and an increase in electricity rates. Conclusion: — The studies have argued against installing FGD devices, claiming that SO2 levels near the plants are well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. They have also advised that the government should focus on reducing not only SO2 emissions, but also overall particulate matter pollution around plants. — This claim was also questioned in a 2021 analysis by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). According to the report, emissions from power plants travel over 300 km before being transformed to secondary pollutants. The research also revealed that SO2's atmospheric lifespan was around 10 days. (Source: Why govt has exempted 78% of coal-based thermal plants from installing anti-pollution devices) Points to Ponder Read more about FGD devices Read about other pollutants Related Previous Year Questions The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles? (2023) What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the government of India? (2020) QUESTION 2: Discuss the significance of commissioning INS Nistar and the impending INS Nipun for India's deep-sea operational preparedness and maritime security posture in the Indian Ocean Region. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The Indian Navy commissioned INS Nistar at Visakhapatnam's Naval Dockyard. — Nistar is the first of two dive support vessels (DSVs) ordered by the Navy in 2018. Its sister ship, Nipun, was launched in 2022 and is anticipated to be commissioned soon. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — These DSVs, designed to enable deep-sea diving and submarine rescue missions, would improve India's undersea operational preparedness while also reinforcing the country's strategic maritime position in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). — The original INS Nistar was a submarine rescue vessel bought by the Indian Navy from the former Soviet Union in 1969 and commissioned in 1971. It remained in service until 1989, when it was the focal point of the Navy's diving and submarine rescue operations. — The new Nistar will continue this legacy. But, unlike its predecessor, it contains more than 80% indigenous content, with over 120 MSMEs involved in its creation. Nistar is India's first diving support and submarine rescue vehicle that was created and built by its own people. — With a displacement of almost 10,500 tonnes, a length of nearly 120 metres, a beam of more than 20 metres, and an endurance of more than 60 days at sea, the new Nistar is likewise larger and more capable than its 800-tonne predecessor. — According to the Navy, Nistar's specialised onboard diving complex includes both air and saturation diving equipment, as well as underwater remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and side scan sonars. Furthermore, Nistar will serve as the mothership for an improved deep submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV). — Nistar can also transport a 15-tonne subsea crane and support helicopter operations. Nistar has an operating theatre, an intensive care unit, and an eight-bed hospital with hyperbaric medical facilities, all of which are vital to the vessel's operational tasks, according to the Navy. Conclusion: — The induction of Nistar into the Navy following the successful integration of the two DSRVs marks a significant milestone in India's deep-sea capabilities. — The vessel's dynamic positioning and diving support features allow it to operate autonomously on the high seas. Nistar, based in Visakhapatnam, will be the DSRV mothership on the Eastern Seaboard, while Nipun, based in Mumbai, will cover the Western Seaboard, completing the Navy's dual-coast operational posture. (Source: How newly commissioned INS Nistar will help save lives in deep sea) Points to Ponder Read more about the Indian Ocean Region Read more about the Indian Navy Related Previous Year Questions The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms/ammunitions, drugs, etc., is a serious threat to the internal security. Comment on the measures being taken to tackle this threat. (2023) What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve the maritime security. (2022) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 111) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 111) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 111) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
4 days ago
- General
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 1 : Questions on Maratha Military Landscapes and National Education Policy (Week 111)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-1 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for July 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has introduced multiple measures to bridge the gender gap in education. However, societal norms, infrastructure deficits, and implementation gaps continue to hinder its full potential. Discuss. The recent inscription of the Maratha Military Landscapes—twelve Maratha forts spanning Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu—as a UNESCO World Heritage Site highlights India's assertion of its civilisational identity on the global stage. Discuss. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has introduced multiple measures to bridge the gender gap in education. However, societal norms, infrastructure deficits, and implementation gaps continue to hinder its full potential. Discuss. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — July 12 is celebrated as Malala Day, which honours the bravery of Malala Yousafzai, who has become a symbol of the fight for girls' education. Her story continues to inspire global efforts to ensure equitable and inclusive education. — The NEP, which replaced the National Education Policy of 1986, gives a comprehensive framework for both school and higher education. The objective is to make India's education more inclusive, equitable, holistic, multidisciplinary and flexible. Body: — The NEP underlines India's commitment to the Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), which seeks to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and encourage lifelong learning opportunities for all. — It also seeks to rectify existing gender disparities through its measures. This is consistent with SDG 5, which seeks to promote gender equality and empower all women and girls. — The key priority areas of NEP 2020 in terms of gender are access and equity, curriculum and infrastructure development, and gender sensitisation. — When it comes to school education, India has achieved tremendous progress in females' enrolment since the passage of the Right to Education Act in 2009. According to the publication The Indian Economy: A Review, which was released by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in January 2024, the female gross enrolment ratio (GER) in higher education climbed from 6.7% in 2000-01 to 27.9% in 2020-21. According to the same survey, more girls than boys are currently pursuing higher education. — However, school dropout rates remain a worry. According to the Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE), in 2021-22, 12.6% of students dropped out of secondary (9-10 class), 3% from upper primary (6-8 class), and 1.5% from elementary education (1-5 class). Notably, the average dropout rate for girls in primary education is 1.4%, followed by 3.3% in upper primary and 12.3% in secondary school. — The NEP 2020 intends to reduce dropout rates by achieving a 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030. As part of this endeavour, the government intends to establish a Gender Inclusion Fund (GIF), which will be accessible to states to build inclusive, safe, and sanitary facilities in schools, such as hostels and bathrooms. Conclusion: — The NEP acknowledges gender sensitivity as a necessary ability for all students and promotes gender equality as an inherent aspect of the curriculum. However, measures such as putting more emphasis on developing a gender-sensitive curriculum, incorporating sex education and menstrual health into school education, and raising awareness among girls, particularly in rural areas, about their legal, financial, and digital rights are critical for empowering them to be self-sufficient. — The NEP also urges governments to take initiatives to improve gender balance in admissions to higher education institutions. To facilitate this, professional social workers, counsellors, and teachers will need to mediate between parents and HEIs, allowing women to continue their education at higher levels. — Gender equality is viewed as a cross-cutting concern to be addressed in the NEP 2020. However, structural resistance to gender equity originates in families and society. As a result, effective implementation of the NEP on the ground would necessitate ongoing collaboration with non-governmental organisations and communities. To read more: Malala Day 2025: How India's NEP seeks to bridge gender gap in education Points to Ponder Read more about NEP Who was Malala Yousafzai? Related Previous Year Questions Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (2021) How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer. (2019) QUESTION 2: The recent inscription of the Maratha Military Landscapes—twelve Maratha forts spanning Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu—as a UNESCO World Heritage Site highlights India's assertion of its civilisational identity on the global stage. Discuss. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — Maratha military landscapes of India have been recently included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. UNESCO described the inscription as including 12 major fortifications, 11 of which are in Maharashtra, and one in Tamil Nadu. — These forts were built, adapted, or expanded by the Marathas between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. The forts are strategically located on coastal and mountainous terrain which formed a complex defence system supporting Maratha military dominance, trade protection, and territorial control. Body: Maratha military landscapes of India 1. Raigad Fort — Raigad fort was formerly the capital of the Maratha Empire due to its strategic location and massive size. It is located in Maharashtra's north Konkan area. The fort is surrounded by deep valleys, and access is only via a steep approach in front. — The fort is significant in Marathi history since it was here in 1674 CE that Shivaji Maharaj was crowned and given the title of Chhatrapati. The Mughals took control of the fort in 1689 CE, followed by the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in 1707 CE, before returning to the Marathas about 1727 CE. The British eventually took over the fort in 1818 CE. 2. Pratapgad Fort — Pratapgad Fort, built by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1656, is located in the harsh environment of the Western Ghats, 24 kilometres from Mahabaleshwar. — The fort is well-known for its defensive architecture, which is regarded as a symbol of strategic ingenuity. The Upper Fort at Pratapgad served as an observation point, with strong, tall walls. The Lower Fort, built down the hillside, was critical to defending the fort's buildings. 3. Panhala Fort — Panhala Fort near Kolhapur was designed to be a self-sustaining settlement. Originally built in the 12th century CE by the Shilaharas, a feudatory dynasty of the Rashtrakutas who ultimately founded their independent kingdom, the fort was occupied by the Yadavas of the Deccan, the Bahmani sultanate, the Adil Shahi kingdom of Bijapur, and finally the Marathas. 4. Shivneri Fort — Shivneri Fort, located near Junnar in Pune district, is the birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj. The antiquity of the fort, triangular in shape and surrounded by cliffs, dates back to the 6th century CE, when it was built as a strategic military outpost. 5. Lohagad Fort — The 'Iron Fort' near Lonavala was originally built by the Lohtamia dynasty in the 10th century CE and later passed into the possession of the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Yadavas, Bahmanis, Nizam Shahis, Mughals, and eventually the Marathas. — Shivaji Maharaj captured the fort in 1648, but was compelled to surrender it to the Mughals in 1665. In 1670, the Marathas recovered the fort, which was then utilised as a storage facility for the booty from the Surat expedition. 6. Salher Fort — Salher Fort is located in Satana taluka of Nashik district, near the village of Salher. It is a significant landmark of the Sahayadri mountain range, the highest fort in Maharashtra and one of the highest in the Western Ghats, located at a height 1,567 metres (5,141 feet). 7. Sindhudurg Fort — The fort stands on the island of Khurte in the Arabian Sea, off the Konkan coast. It was constructed in 1664-67 by Hiroji Indulkar, the chief military engineer of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, to provide a secure base for maritime operations against the Portuguese, the British, and the local Siddis. 8. Suvarnadurg Fort — The 'Golden Fortress' is another island fortification erected by Shivaji Maharaj near Harnai port in Ratnagiri district. Suvarnadurg has a sibling stronghold on the mainland called Kanakadurga; the two constructions were once joined by a tunnel, which is no longer operational. — Suvarnadurg, originally established by the Adil Shahi dynasty, was conquered and renovated by Shivaji in 1660. As a key base for the Maratha fleet, it served as both a fortification and a shipbuilding yard. 9. Vijaydurg Fort — One of the oldest of the Maratha forts, the 'Fort of Victory' on the Arabian Sea coast in present-day Sindhudurg district was originally built by the Shilahar dynasty in the late 12th century. It was then known as Gheria. 10. Khanderi Fort — Khanderi, a small island off the coast of Alibaug, was fortified by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1679 to secure Maratha control over the coastal waters. 11. Rajgad Fort — The young Shivaji Maharaj took the 'King of Forts' in 1647 and used it as his capital for 26 years before establishing Raigad. This is where Shivaji Maharaj's son, Rajaram I, was born and his first wife, Saibai, died. It was also the fort where Shivaji Maharaj planned several of his military battles and kept the treasure from the Surat war of 1664. 12. Gingee Fort — Gingee Fort, located in Tamil Nadu's Villupuram district, is regarded as one of Peninsular India's most powerful fortresses. Gingee, like many other forts, has served as a bastion for various dynasties, including the Vijayanagar Nayaks, Bijapur Sultans, Mughals, Marathas, French, and English. (Source: From the Sahyadris to the sea: The 12 Maratha fortresses in UNESCO World Heritage List) To read more: Knowledge Nugget: Why are the Maratha Military Landscapes relevant for the UPSC exam? Points to Ponder Read about other important forts in Maharashtra Read in detail about each of the 12 forts Related Previous Year Question Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss. (2018) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 111) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 111) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 109) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
6 days ago
- Politics
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 2: Questions on India–Canada educational diplomacy and Election Commission (Week 111)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-2 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Discuss the potential clash between Election Commission discretion and the basic structure laid under Article 14 of the Constitution. Discuss the implications for India–Canada educational diplomacy and for Indian students seeking global educational opportunities. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Discuss the potential clash between Election Commission discretion and the basic structure laid under Article 14 of the Constitution. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — Four previous Chief Justices of India spoke before the Joint Committee of Parliament on the 'One Nation, One Election' (ONOE) Bill, highlighting the Election Commission's broad powers under the proposed law to organise simultaneous polls. — Former Chief Justices J S Khehar and D Y Chandrachud questioned whether the EC's power to decide whether simultaneous polls can be delayed for a state is constitutionally permissible. They stressed that holding simultaneous polls is legitimate and would not undermine the Constitution's fundamental framework. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — Ranjan Gogoi, a Rajya Sabha MP and former CJI, pointed out in March that the EC had been given broad powers to decide on the timing of simultaneous polls. — The 129th Constitution Amendment Bill, which proposes to implement simultaneous polls, specifies that the EC will determine whether they are possible. — The proposed amendment to Article 82 of the Constitution provides that… 'if the Election Commission is of the opinion that the elections to any Legislative Assembly cannot be conducted along with the general election to the House of the People, it may make a recommendation to the President, to declare by an order, that the election to that Legislative Assembly may be conducted at a later date.' — Former CJIs have suggested amending the law to include parliamentary oversight over the EC's power to decide the schedule and also narrowing down the EC's powers to delay the schedule only on the grounds of 'public order or national security' to ensure that the power is not used arbitrarily. Conclusion: — Broad powers in legislation without sufficient safeguards could be deemed arbitrary by courts and be held violative of the right to equality under Article 14 of the Constitution. — Article 14 of the Constitution of India states that 'The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India'. (Source: Four ex-CJIs raise red flag: EC power to delay simultaneous elections may not pass muster) Points to Ponder Read about Article 14 Read about appointment and removal process of CJI Read about Election Commission Related Previous Year Questions Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees, with particular reference to the ''One Nation–One Election'' principle. (2024) Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (2022) QUESTION 2: Discuss the implications for India–Canada educational diplomacy and for Indian students seeking global educational opportunities. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — In recent months, Canada has given significantly fewer student visas. In the first quarter of 2025, the government issued only 96,015 study permits, down from 1,21,070 in the same time last year, according to Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) data. — Several students have blamed their rejections on the employment of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, claiming that AI-driven visa processing processes result in rejections without sufficient human assessment. While experts believe that AI could be the culprit, they point to a very different issue. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — According to experts, the underlying issue is that hopefuls submit inadequately prepared AI-generated applications and fail to compile necessary documents and ensure academic coherence. — They claim that many students and even study abroad consultants have become unduly reliant on AI to prepare visa-related documents, particularly Statements of Purpose (SOPs). — While there are no clear instructions not to use AI for applications, experts say the technology produces similar, templated text, preventing candidates from differentiating out or seeming authentic. — AI-generated SOPs, for example, frequently seem robotic, impersonal, and repetitious, raising red flags among visa officers who review these documents. Such SOPs also lack personal understanding or fail to make a clear connection between an applicant's past and future ambitions. Furthermore, relying on AI indicates a lack of seriousness and effort, which can jeopardise visa clearance chances. Conclusion: — In addition to a strong SOP, there is importance of detailed proof of funds with credible financial documents, as well as honest and accurate paperwork. Any mismatched or exaggerated claims, he warned, can lead to outright rejection. (Source: How AI may be behind drop in student visas issued by Canada to Indians) Points to Ponder Read about India-Canada Relations Read about trade between India and Canada Recent developments between India and Canada Related Previous Year Questions The Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India. (2023) 'Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries'. Comment with examples. (2020) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 111) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 109) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
15-07-2025
- Science
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 3 : Questions on impacts of climate change on volcanic eruptions and UNFCCC process (Week 111)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-3 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Discuss the link between glacial retreat due to climate change and increased volcanic activity. The UNFCCC process has reached a 'credibility crisis', failing to deliver the necessary action against global warming. Discuss the underlying causes of this crisis and suggest structural and procedural reforms to enhance its effectiveness. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Discuss the link between glacial retreat due to climate change and increased volcanic activity. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — A new study suggests that melting glaciers and ice caps could lead to more frequent and powerful volcanic eruptions. It also noted that the greatest risk of volcanic eruptions resuming is in West Antarctica, where roughly 100 volcanoes are buried behind thick ice. Due to rising global temperatures, this ice is anticipated to melt over the next few decades or millennia. — The research was presented at the 2025 Goldschmidt Conference, which is now taking place in Prague. The Geochemical Society and the European Association of Geochemistry have hosted the largest international geochemistry conference to date. Other continental locations, including sections of North America, New Zealand, and Russia, may potentially see an increase in volcanic activity. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — Scientists first proposed that melting ice could influence volcanic activity in the 1970s. The weight of the ice typically exerts pressure on volcanoes' subsurface magma chambers. When glaciers or ice caps melt, this pressure decreases, allowing subterranean gases and magma to expand, potentially leading to explosive volcanic eruptions. — Magma can be produced as a result of a reduction in pressure caused by ice loss. This is because rocks kept under reduced pressure tend to melt at lower temperatures. — Precipitation also appears to have an impact on volcanic activity. Climate change-modified precipitation can enter deep underground and react with the magma system, causing an eruption. — The most recent study supported these findings. It investigated Chile's Mocho Choshuenco volcano to determine the age of volcanic rocks formed prior to, during, and following the last ice age. The study discovered that pressure from a thick ice sheet atop the volcano reduced the amount of eruptions between 26,000 and 18,000 years ago. This resulted in the creation of a massive magma reservoir 10 to 15 km below the volcano's surface. However, as this ice sheet thawed, some 13,000 years ago, explosive eruptions occurred. Conclusion: — Volcanic eruptions can produce temporary cooling by releasing ash or dust into the sky, blocking sunlight. These eruptions also release sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, which is more powerful than ash particles in cooling the temperature. Sulphur dioxide enters the stratosphere and combines with water to produce sulphuric acid aerosols. These aerosols deflect incoming solar radiation, which cools the Earth's surface. — However, long-term volcanic eruptions can emit huge amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, which can contribute to global warming. This can become a vicious cycle: as global temperatures rise, ice melts faster, potentially causing additional eruptions and further global warming. (Source: How melting glaciers can lead to more volcanic eruptions) Points to Ponder Read about recent volcanic eruptions Read about different types of volcanoes Read about impacts of climate change Related Previous Year UPSC CSE Questions 'Climate change' is a global problem. How will India be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India are affected by climate change? (2017) Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (2022) QUESTION 2: The UNFCCC process has reached a 'credibility crisis', failing to deliver the necessary action against global warming.' Discuss the underlying causes of this crisis and suggest structural and procedural reforms to enhance its effectiveness. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The international climate negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have recently faced a credibility crisis. — Their results have been mostly disappointing, as they have not produced the kind of action required to combat global warming. Developed countries who fail to fulfil their aims or fulfil their obligations have not been held accountable. Developing countries, particularly the smallest and most vulnerable ones, have consistently complained that their concerns are being overlooked, and that the discussions have failed to provide climate justice. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — In preparation for the COP30 summit in Brazil in November, efforts have been made to restore trust and confidence in the system. As the host of the COP30, Brazil has actively collaborated with other countries to investigate potential moves in this regard. — The annual mid-year climate summit in Bonn, Germany, concluded last month with a discussion of ideas and suggestions given by countries, climate organisations, and non-governmental organisations to reform and improve the system. — The Bonn meeting, held in the second half of June, recognised that the 'growing scale and complexity' of the climate negotiations posed obstacles. It also underlined the need to 'improve the efficiency of the UNFCCC process in a transparent and inclusive manner'. — However, the proposals presented in the talks were not extreme. Among the proposals were simplifying agenda items to remove duplicate or redundant concerns, as well as requesting governments and observer organisations to limit the length of their speeches to allow for more negotiation time. Notably, it was proposed that countries limit the size of their negotiation delegations. The discussions were inconclusive and would continue at the COP30 meeting. — The UNFCCC works through consensus, which means no decision is accepted till every country accepts it. In a way, every country has a veto. Getting all of the more than 190 parties to agree to every part of a decision has always been a big challenge. This is often blamed for the lack of ambition in the outcomes of climate negotiations. — Any choice to modify the UNFCCC process must be supported by all parties through consensus, and any more drastic recommendations are unlikely to be implemented. Conclusion: — Brazil stated that long-standing difficulties such as unnecessarily long agenda items, overlapping themes, scheduling limits, and impediments that prevent meaningful participation by smaller delegations needed to be resolved. It has also discussed mainstreaming climate debates in other multilateral platforms, such as other UN agencies and financial organisations. — Brazil has proposed the creation of additional international mechanisms to supplement the UNFCCC process and accelerate the implementation of climate-related decisions. — BRICS, a group of nine large and powerful developing economies, also spoke on the issue during its recently finished meeting in Brazil. In a separate declaration on climate finance, the BRICS countries urged developed countries to fully meet their finance responsibilities under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, while increasing their contribution to adaptation financing. (Source: Why the UNFCCC process must be reformed) Points to Ponder Read about UNFCCC Important agreements of UNFCCC Read about BRICS Related Previous Year UPSC CSE Questions The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (2023) Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 109) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
11-07-2025
- General
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 1 : Questions on gender gap and threats of glacier melt (Week 110)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-1 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Discuss how socio-economic, cultural, and structural gender gaps are shaping reproductive choices and contributing to India's fertility decline. Discuss the dual threats of glacier melt and erratic monsoon patterns to Himalayan river systems. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Discuss how socio-economic, cultural, and structural gender gaps are shaping reproductive choices and contributing to India's fertility decline. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction — The Global Gender Gap Report relies on the groundwork laid by previous programs such as the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), established in 1984, and the 1995 Beijing World Conference on Women, which have helped promote gender equality. — Gender equality was reinforced as a global goal in 2015 when it was listed as Sustainable Development Goal 5 in the United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development, which is set to be realised by 2030. — The Global Gender Gap Report is significant because policymakers use it to monitor progress towards reducing gender inequality. If one looks at India's performance in the most recent report, the parity score is 64.1%, one of the lowest in South Asia. In the third parameter, health and survival, India has improved its scores for sex ratio at birth and healthy life expectancy. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — There are concerns over the declining fertility rate. India's Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – the average number of children per woman – has dropped to 2.0, according to the United Nations Population Fund's (UNFPA) State of World Population Report 2025. — A TFR of 2 is considered the replacement level as two kids will replace their parents. But since some kids die, the replacement level is considered as 2.1. Hence, India's TFR has fallen below the replacement level of 2.1. — The dropping fertility rate is also linked to India's ranking in the Global Gender Gap Index, demonstrating how external factors influence reproductive freedom and choice. Economic, social, cultural, and political variables all influence couples' choices to have fewer or no children. Fertility is thus a socially manufactured outcome rather than a question of individual choice. — In a survey by the UNFPA and YouGov conducted in 14 countries, including India, 20 per cent of respondents were of the view that they may be unable to have the number of children they want. One in five cited future concerns like climate change, war and pandemics as reasons behind having fewer children. — Furthermore, there are significant geographical variations in fertility rates throughout India. According to the NFHS-5, just five states—Bihar (2.98), Uttar Pradesh (2.35), Jharkhand (2.26), Meghalaya (2.91), and Manipur (2.17)—continue to exceed the replacement rate of 2.1. In comparison, southern and western states such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat have fertility rates below replacement norms, ranging from 1.6 to 1.9. TFR has also decreased in both urban (1.6) and rural (2.2) areas. — High fertility rates are frequently related with increased demand on public infrastructure and lower levels of women's education and agency, whereas low fertility rates raise worries about improved economic and social stability. Although the fall in fertility is sometimes viewed as a result of women's choices, the reality is more complicated. The state and society have a vital role in generating enabling conditions for parenthood, particularly motherhood. It includes guaranteeing equal access to healthcare and defending reproductive rights. — According to the NFHS 2019-21, Andhra Pradesh reported a TFR of 1.47 in urban areas and 1.78 in rural areas, both significantly lower than the replacement level of 2.1. However, simply recommending that couples have more children is insufficient. Concrete guarantees that provide economic and social stability would help make motherhood a viable option. — Domestic obligations and parenthood must go beyond gendered norms to address the dropping fertility rate. It is not a 'women's issue,' but one that must be addressed at both the societal and policy levels. After all, caste, religion, and patriarchy all have a strong influence on fertility choices in India. Conclusion: — The dropping birth rate must be viewed in the light of larger socioeconomic and institutional challenges. According to the UNFPA and YouGov poll, men and women's desires for motherhood are changing. Furthermore, in India, women make few reproductive decisions on their own. Social pressure, particularly a preference for male children, influences women's reproductive decisions. (Source: What gender gap lens reveals about declining fertility rate) Points to Ponder Read about Global Gender Gap Report Read about fertility rate Related Previous Year Questions What is regional disparity? How does it differ from diversity? How serious is the issue of regional disparity in India? (2024) Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society. (2023) QUESTION 2: Discuss the dual threats of glacier melt and erratic monsoon patterns to Himalayan river systems. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The floods causing havoc in Himachal Pradesh demonstrate the catastrophic potential of climate change-induced weather patterns. Early in the monsoon, torrential rains caused a series of cloudbursts in Mandi, Kullu, and Chamba districts, resulting in landslides, road closures, and fatalities. — The entire economic loss in the region surpasses Rs 700 crore, and the environmental impact is equally serious. Heavy rainfall eroded soil, deposited sediment, and damaged agricultural lands, exacerbating the local community's predicament. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — India's Himalayan provinces, including Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of Nepal and Bhutan, have seen an increase in extreme weather occurrences during the previous decade. — This upward tendency is not accidental. Scientists relate it to global climate change, which has a fundamental impact on regional weather systems. The implications are significant. More severe storms, unpredictable rainfall, rapid glacier melting, and increased flooding. — One of the primary consequences of global warming is increased atmospheric moisture. As the Earth's average temperature rises due to increased greenhouse gas concentrations, the atmosphere can contain around 7% more water vapour every degree Celsius increase. This extra moisture means that when conditions are ideal, rainfall becomes heavier and more severe. — In the Himalayas, this means more frequent and intense cloudbursts, which are rapid, localised heavy rains that can dump hundreds of millimetres of water in hours. These events frequently cause flash floods, damaging downstream villages with little notice. — Himalayan glaciers are melting at unprecedented rates, with some shedding up to 30 metres of ice thickness per year. This melting immediately affects river flow levels, particularly during the summer months, raising the risk of floods during severe monsoons. — The proximity of these glaciers, combined with heavy rainfall, increased the volume of water in rivers such as the Beas, Yamuna, and Ganges, which can overflow, eroding banks and flooding communities. Conclusion: — The Himalayan region is especially vulnerable due to its complicated topography. Mountain slopes quickly funnel rainwater into valleys, and unstable slopes make the terrain prone to landslides, exacerbating flood risks. — The repeated relocation and damage put a burden on government resources and pose a challenge to disaster response systems. Many rural villages lack basic infrastructure and early warning systems, leaving them particularly susceptible. — Incorporating local geology and hydrology into planning can greatly reduce vulnerability, ensuring that infrastructure remains operational even during extreme occurrences. Furthermore, adopting sustainable land-use techniques like afforestation and slope stabilisation can help avoid soil erosion and landslides, which are common after severe rains. (Source: Himachal floods: How can Himalayan region safeguard its people, heritage, ecosystems from climate change?) Points to Ponder Read about melting of glaciers Interlinking of rivers Related Previous Year Questions What is the phenomenon of 'Cloudbursts'? Explain. (2024) The groundwater potential of the Gangetic valley is on a serious decline. How may it affect the food security of India? (2024) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 110) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 109) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
