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Party combo linked to rise in colon cancer rates in young people
A new study has revealed that the combination of drinking and smoking is behind the alarming rise of one of America's fastest-growing cancers in under-50s.
Researchers in Germany analyzed just over two dozen studies comparing regular drinkers and smokers to teetotalers. They found drinking alcohol every day raised the risk of developing early-onset colon cancer by 39 per cent, even if it's just one or two drinks per day.
Also, just 100 cigarettes in a person's lifetime - the equivalent of one per week for two years - was linked to a 59 per cent higher risk than people who have never smoked.
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The researchers wrote: 'Alcohol consumption and smoking are significant risk factors for EOCRC and should be addressed in the context of prevention.'
Alcohol and smoking have both been linked to colon cancer in the past, as they release chemicals that destroy DNA and cause cancer cells to mutate.
But the new study is one of the first to compare both factors at once in relatively low amounts.
However, fewer millennials and Gen Zers drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes than ever before, suggesting the findings may apply more to younger members of Gen X.
The American Cancer Society estimates over 154,000 Americans will be struck by colorectal cancer this year, including about 20,000 under 50.
While this is roughly in line with two decades ago, the disease is rising sharply in younger groups.
The review, published in the journal Clinical Colorectal Cancer, looked at 12 studies on alcohol consumption and 13 on smoking.
According to the latest data, early-onset colon cancer diagnoses in the U.S. are expected to rise by 90 per cent in people 20 to 34 years old between 2010 and 2030.
In teens, rates have surged by 500 per cent since the early 2000s.
Overall, the team found daily alcohol consumption in general increased the risk of early-onset colorectal cancer 39 per cent compared to lower amounts.
They also looked at moderate alcohol consumption and high consumption. Moderate was considered one daily drink for women and two for men. High is four or more daily drinks for women and five or more for men.
The team found people who consumed moderate to high amounts of alcohol every day had a 30 per cent greater risk of colon tumors and 34 per cent greater risk of rectal tumors than those who consumed low amounts of alcohol per day.
The strongest association they found was in a 2022 study published in the Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, which looked at colorectal cancer patients with a history of alcoholism.
Compared to patients who never abused alcohol, those with a history of alcohol addiction were 90 per cent more likely to develop colon cancer.
The researchers in the new review also found the risk of colon cancer increased 2.3 per cent for every 10 grams per deciliter (g/d) of ethanol, pure alcohol, consumed per day. This is the equivalent of one standard drink per day.
In the U.S., one standard drink is considered a 12-ounce can of beer with five percent alcohol volume, a five-ounce glass of wine at 12 per cent alcohol volume or a 1.5-ounce shot glass of distilled spirits with 40 per cent alcohol content, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
The team behind the new review wrote: 'These results clearly suggest that alcohol consumption is associated with a significantly increased risk of CRC at any age.'
Experts believe when the liver breaks down ethanol, it creates the toxic chemical acetaldehyde, which damages triggers inflammation in the colon.
This damages DNA and leads to uncontrolled cell growth.
Alcohol also inhibits the body's ability to absorb folate, an essential nutrient for DNA repair. Low folate has consistently been linked to higher colon cancer rates.
The review also evaluated the effect of smoking on colon cancer risk.
Overall, the researchers found a 39 per cent increased risk of colorectal cancer in people who smoked cigarettes regularly compared to those who never smoked.
'Ever smokers', or people who have had at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, were at a 59 per cent increased risk compared to non-smokers or former smokers while current smokers were at a 14 per cent greater risk.
Current smokers were shown to have a 43 per cent greater likelihood of developing a rectal tumor than those who never smoked, and colon tumors were linked to a 26 per cent increased risk.
The researchers added: 'The results on smoking showed a significant association of smoking with EOCRC, while former smoking was not associated with EOCRC.'
Smoking also exposes the body to thousands of carcinogens and free radicals that destroy healthy DNA and cause cells to mutate into cancer cells.
There were several limitations to the new review, including the small number of included studies and data on alcohol and smoking was self-reported, leaving it subject to bias.
