A crucial system of ocean currents is slowing. It's already supercharging sea level rise in the US.
Flooding on the US Northeast coast has risen significantly as a critical network of Atlantic Ocean currents weakens, according to a new study — an alarming glimpse into the future as some scientists warn the current system could be just decades from collapse.
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, known as the AMOC, works like a vast conveyor belt, transporting heat, salt and freshwater through the ocean and influencing climate, weather and sea levels around the planet.
Coastal flooding is caused by a cluster of factors, chief among them climate change-driven sea level rise, but the AMOC also plays a critical role in the Northeast, according to the study published Friday in the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Scientists used data from tide gauges — instruments which monitor sea level change — combined with complex ocean models to calculate how the AMOC has affected flooding in the region over the past decades.
They found between 2005 and 2022, up to 50% of flooding events along the northeastern coast were driven by a weaker AMOC. Drilling down, that means AMOC-driven sea level rise contributed to up to eight flood days a year over this period.
The models used by the scientists also give a glimpse into the future, allowing them to forecast coastal flooding frequency in the Northeast up to three years in advance, according to the study.
The idea that the AMOC is influencing sea level rise in this region is not new, but this study is the first to find it's substantially affecting flood frequency, said Liping Zhang, a study author and project scientist at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
There are two main reasons why the AMOC affects sea level rise, said David Thornally, professor of ocean and climate science at University College London, who was not involved in the research.
A strong AMOC is typically associated with dense deep water that flows along the western boundary of the North Atlantic. When the AMOC weakens, water becomes less dense, literally taking up more space and fueling sea level rise. A weaker AMOC also affects the flow of the Gulf Stream, causing water to flow back onto the coastal shelf and increasing sea level rise at the coast.
Rising seas are a huge and urgent issue for society as the climate warms, making it vital to better understand how it's being affected, Zhang told CNN. Coastal flooding can 'reshape the coastal environment… (and) poses threats to both lives and infrastructure in coastal regions,' she said.
The findings will be very useful for helping society better predict and plan for costly and devastating flooding events, UCL's Thornally told CNN.
'A study like this is a good way to demonstrate the day-to-day impacts of changes AMOC, rather than invoking dramatic scenes from Hollywood disaster movies which are exaggerated and thus easily dismissed,' he told CNN, referring to the movie The Day After Tomorrow, which depicts the world plunging into a deep freeze after the AMOC collapses.
As the research relies on climate models, the results will depend on how well these represent the physics of the real world, he cautioned. 'The high resolution means it probably does a good job — and it can mimic observed sea-level patterns — but it won't be perfect,' he said, especially as this is a complex area of the ocean where different currents meet.
Gerard McCarthy, an oceanographer at Maynooth University in Ireland, also not involved in the research, said the study is significant because it shows 'how AMOC can help predict sea level extremes along this coast.'
A slew of recent research has pointed to signs the AMOC could be on course to significantly weaken over the next decades as climate change warms oceans and melts ice, disrupting its delicate balance of heat and salinity. This would have catastrophic planetary impacts, including on sea level rise.
'The science is still not clear,' McCarthy said, but a collapse would be a 'high-impact event and it is critical that we know what to expect.'
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Yahoo
2 hours ago
- Yahoo
In a world without people, how fast would NYC fall apart? Here's the timeline.
Imagine the ceaseless cacophony of New York City suddenly stopped. No sirens wailed. No cars zoomed. No subways rumbled beneath sidewalks. All eight million New Yorkers disappeared overnight. Now, imagine what would happen next. If no one's around to sweep the sidewalks, weed Central Park, or turn the power grid on, nature would move in—and quick. Dandelions would spring up in asphalt cracks. Raccoons would move into abandoned apartments. Sidewalk trees would outgrow their planters. But just how swiftly would the city disappear beneath a curtain of green? We talked to architects and urban ecologists to map out a potential timeline. With no one to maintain the power grid, the Big Apple would go dark within a few days. The Milky Way would illuminate Midtown as light pollution disappears overnight. Without air conditioning and heat, 'you start getting weird temperatures inside the building. Mold starts to form on the walls,' says architect Jana Horvat of the University of Zagreb, who studies building decay. Some green energy projects in the city might stay lit for longer, such as the solar and wind-powered Ricoh Americas billboard in Times Square. Eventually, though, even the Ricoh billboard would go dark; not because the billboard would lose power, but because there would be no one to replace its LED lightbulbs. Without power, the pump rooms that clear out 13 million gallons of water daily from the subway would be useless, and the train tunnels would begin to flood. 'Probably this water would result in [the subway] being, you know, occupied by new species,' says Horvat. 'Some plants would start growing, some animals' would move in. Likely, species that already thrive in the subway—rats, cockroaches, pigeons, opossums—would be the first ones to take advantage of the human-free passages. Within the first month, the manicured lawns of Central and Prospect Park would grow wild and unkept. 'When you stop mowing a lawn, you get a meadow,' says botanist Peter Del Tredici, a senior research scientist emeritus at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, who wrote a book on urban plant life. Within a month, dandelions, ragweed, and yellow nutsedge would start popping up in the now knee-high grasses of New York's iconic parks. 'First, it's herbaceous plants, but then, you know, you get trees and shrubs and vines,' says Tredici. In a year without people, many of New York's buildings would start to deteriorate. 'The glass facades would be the first to go,' says Horvat. The single-pane glass on brownstones and family homes would be the most vulnerable, but in a decade, even the heat-strengthened glass on skyscrapers would start to wear down and crack. And once windows break, water gets in. 'Then you'll have plants start growing in there,' says Tredici. Apartments would transform into humid hothouses, the perfect habitat for mosquitoes, water snakes, fungus, and rushes. 'It's like a wetland on the second floor.' Without maintenance, the asphalt streets and parking lots in New York would quickly degrade. Freeze-thaw cycles would create cracks. 'Water settles in that crack, and then that's all the plants need,' says Tredici. First, mosses would grow. Within a decade, young trees may even sprout. The London planetree, the most common street tree in New York, is particularly known for its resilience and fast growth rate, and any of its offspring could quickly find a toehold in a deteriorating asphalt parking lot. Within a decade, the Statue of Liberty would also start to deteriorate. The statue's copper plating would start to split, allowing sea spray to break down its interior steel skeleton. Steel 'is a very durable material, but it is very prone to corroding if it comes in contact with damp conditions,' says Horvat: That's bad news for New York, a city made from steel. In the decades since humans abandoned New York, a 'novel ecosystem' would emerge, says Tredici. 'It's not going to look like anything that's ever existed anywhere in the world.' Tredici points to Detroit as a case study. Today, crabapple trees—tough ornamentals native to the Central Asian mountains—blanket Detroit. 'They actually will spread all over,' says Tredici, and after 50 years without humans, Central and Riverside Park's crabapple trees would grow among a young forest full of London planetrees, honeylocusts, pin oaks, and Norway maples (the last three being common New York street trees). Nightshade vines and poison ivy would creep up buildings, and mosses and resilient weeds would cover the higher reaches of exposed windy skyscrapers. 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Built to support much more weight than necessary (a safety precaution in the early days of skyscrapers), these giants' steel frames are bolstered by thick masonry and interior walls. Ten Hudson Yards might last a century. The Empire State Building might last 50 years longer, but eventually even these historic titans would collapse. After a century, New York City would 'become a forest,' says Tredici. A canopy of mature trees over a 100-feet-tall would replace the city's skyscrapers. Soil would regenerate. Concrete, one of the world's 'strongest' construction materials, says Horvat, would dissolve. New York's carefully manicured river parks, such as the Hudson River and East River Park, would transform into wetlands teeming with eels, egrets, turtles, beavers, and muskrats. But even as skyscrapers fell and forests grew, parts of New York would 'survive for centuries in this ruinous state,' says Horvat. Cracked marble lions would stalk the forest floor. Soil and underbrush would obscure once-gleaming granite fountains. Rusted steel beams would jut out from dense root systems. Even without humans, pieces of New York would endure—a fragile legacy for the future to either uncover or forget. This story is part of Popular Science's Ask Us Anything series, where we answer your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the ordinary to the off-the-wall. Have something you've always wanted to know? Ask us.
WebMD
3 hours ago
- WebMD
The Next-Gen Sweetener You May Be Eating
June 6, 2025 – It's time to add the word "neotame" to your ingredient label watch list, especially if you vape. It's a relatively new artificial sweetener found in every disposable e-cigarette that researchers tested – and the ultra-sweet substance is increasingly being used in food and drink. You probably have heard of aspartame. But neotame is its lesser-known sibling, with just one molecular difference. It showed up in laboratory tests of 11 top disposable e-cigarette brands when researchers from Duke and Yale Universities were trying to figure out what makes the vapes, like Elf and Geek Bars, so, so sweet. Neotame is between 7,000 and 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar and up to 65 times sweeter than aspartame. The sweetened e-cig study results were published this week in The Journal of the American Medical Association, or JAMA. Neotame wasn't found in JUUL or other cartridge-based devices, which have their own checkered ingredient history, including the 2019 finding that the sucralose used in them was linked to the production of toxic aerosols. Even if you don't vape, you may already be consuming neotame, since it's found in baked goods, candy (Mentos, for example), and gum – plus salad dressing, fruit spreads, dairy desserts, and yogurt. It's also used in some flavored sparkling waters and drinks like Tampico Mango Punch. Some researchers have soured on neotame because its use makes e-cigs appealing to young people, and because lab tests show it may harm our intestines when ingested. Why You've Never Heard of Neotame Maybe you saw it on an ingredient label and passed over it sometime in the past two decades. It has zero calories, no nutritional value, and was FDA-approved as a food additive in 2002. It's not listed on disposable e-cigarette packaging. Researchers track these sweeteners. Havovi Chichger, PhD, a professor at Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge, England, says that for more than four decades, we have been consuming "traditional" artificial sweeteners like acesulfame potassium (Ace-K), sucralose, saccharin, and aspartame. But newer substances like neotame "herald the next generation of sweet additives," she said. The substance was developed in the 1990s in a quest for a more stable sweetener for processed products, and its use has steadily grown, she said. It's even used now in some lip cosmetics that have a sweet flavor and aroma. Neotame has also become the 21st-century spoonful of sugar Mary Poppins sang about: It's used to make some pharmaceuticals more palatable. According to a website about neotame set up by Georgia-based maker NutraSweet Co., neotame has an "ability to mask the taste of supplements, vitamins, bitter food ingredients and active pharmaceuticals. Moreover, its high sweetness intensity allows formulation at very small quantities, leaving ample room for your pharmaceutical ingredients." Neotame is not, however, approved for use in products that are inhaled. Why Neotame Is Used in E-Cigarettes – and in Baked Goods The liquid vaporized by e-cigarettes is heated sometimes as hot as 800 degrees Fahrenheit, said Sven Jordt, PhD, senior author of the JAMA study and a Duke University professor who is an expert in chemical sensory biology. Heating vape liquid can chemically change its ingredients, and neotame's strong sweetness and heat stability seem to have led to its new use in vapes, he said. If a lot of a sweetener is burned up or chemically changed when heated, the desired taste profile can still be achieved if just a bit of the ultra-sweetness remains. "The FDA also has determined that neotame can be used for baking, for example, because it's more heat stable than many of the other sweeteners," Jordt said. "Sweeteners like aspartame or Ace K, they are basically burned at normal baking temperatures. However, with neotame, a large proportion survives baking and likely also survives being vaporized by e-cigarettes." His team is concerned that the sweetness makes the products particularly attractive to kids. It's not used in the few e-cigarettes that are legal to sell in the U.S. and was just found in the disposable ones that are illegal but widely available amid lack of enforcement. "We did this study specifically because this category of disposable e-cigarettes is seeing an explosive growth in sales and use," Jordt said, noting that their nicotine concentration is higher than in older products, and at a fraction of the price. "You buy this once and then you can use it a whole week. And kids are puffing on these all the time," he said. "Some have like 15,000 or 20,000 puffs [compared to a few hundred puffs in the older JUUL devices]. So if you use this continuously, you become really heavily addicted to nicotine … and now we are asking: Is it just the design or is there something else in it that makes them much more attractive to kids to use and make them taste better? And then we found this neotame." The Damage Neotame Can Cause Approval of neotame for use in food products was based on studies on mice and other animals that didn't show any adverse physical effects. But what about the effects on humans? Findings published last year suggest that neotame can damage the human intestine. "Neotame can cause previously healthy gut bacteria to become diseased and invade the gut wall – potentially leading to health issues including irritable bowel syndrome and sepsis – and also cause a breakdown of the epithelial barrier, which forms part of the gut wall," said Chichger, who is a cell and molecular biologist and senior author of the study, which was published in the journal Frontiers in Nutrition. The study showed that neotame can damage the "intestinal epithelium," or lining, by causing the death of epithelial cells. It also damages bacteria commonly found in the gut, she added. "Despite the smaller quantities used, the impact of neotame on the epithelium-microbiota relationship has the potential to cause poor gut health, which in turn could lead to metabolic and inflammatory diseases." The findings were the latest in a line of studies showing the effects of artificial sweeteners on gut health. Another recent study led by Los Angeles-based endocrinologist Ruchi Mathur, MD, linked artificial sweeteners to changes in the microbial composition and diversity in stool and the small intestine. That research, which was published in the journal Cell, didn't include neotame. Changes observed in the gut microbiome's biochemical activity "raise concerns regarding the potential impacts of non-sugar sweeteners on metabolic and gastrointestinal health," said Mathur, who is director of the Diabetes Outpatient Teaching Education Center and a professor of medicine at Cedars-Sinai in California. All the experts interviewed for this article said that while there's not enough data to say for sure that inhaling neotame is bad for you, the existing research suggests reasons to be cautious. When you vape, some of the "smoke" can mix with saliva and get swallowed – so neotame could reach your gut, Chichger said. "In fact, there are other studies which show that e-cigarette fluid can cause the same level of damage that we noted from neotame." Unanswered Questions About Neotame Big questions about neotame: How does it affect the lungs? How can we keep track of how much we've consumed (eating, drinking, or inhaling)? And how much is too much? "These sweeteners are only approved for use in food, but not for inhalation," Jordt said. "We don't know how safe they are if you inhale them every day." Mathur noted that the lungs have their own microbiome, and past studies have shown that vaping alters saliva as well as the nasal cavity microbiome. A large study published in March showed a significant link between exclusive e-cigarette use and development of COPD. The FDA has set daily intake limits for neotame, which is sometimes referred to by the brand name Newtame, and other sweeteners. But experts say there is no labeling requirement that shows consumers how much is included in a product, whether it's food, drink, or vape liquid. Jordt said it's unlikely someone would reach that limit by vaping alone. But if you also eat products with the sweetener, then exceeding that limit becomes more likely. "I do think it is reasonable to assume that there should be consumer awareness and caution, as there is little if any data on what happens when this substance is inhaled," Mathur said. You should also be aware of artificial sweeteners in food and drink, Mathur said. Make a plan with your doctor, especially if eating artificially sweetened foods is part of how you manage your body weight or diabetes. "There is enough data to suggest it is safe to use these non-sugar sweeteners in moderation," Mathur said. "If someone uses artificial sweeteners in non-traditional ways, such as inhaling it through an e-cigarette, they are doing so without the benefit of any good information on the potential long-term consequences of taking in the substance through their airways and down into their lungs or what byproducts may be created in the process."
Associated Press
4 hours ago
- Associated Press
Oncoscope Officially Launches, Ushering in a New Era of Real Time Oncology Intelligence
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