China's heavy reliance on Iranian oil imports
Beijing, which is also the biggest buyer of oil from Venezuela and a top importer of oil from Russia, has used purchases from the three countries facing various Western sanctions to save billions of dollars on its import bill in recent years.
How much Iranian oil does China buy?
China buys roughly 90 per cent of Iran's shipped oil, which has limited buyers due to US sanctions aimed at cutting off funding to Tehran's nuclear programme.
In the first six months of 2025, China purchased an average of 1.38 million barrels per day of Iranian oil, according to Kpler data.
In 2024, China's Iran purchases averaged 1.48 million barrels per day, or about 14.6 per cent of China's imports, according to Kpler.
Who are the main Chinese buyers of Iranian crude?
Chinese independent refiners known as teapots, clustered mainly in Shandong province, are the main buyers of Iranian crude, drawn by its discount to non-sanctioned barrels.
Teapots, which account for roughly one-quarter of Chinese refinery capacity, operate on narrow and sometimes negative margins and have been squeezed recently by tepid domestic demand for refined products.
China's big state oil companies have refrained from buying Iranian oil since 2018/2019, traders and experts have said.
How much cheaper is Iranian oil?
Iranian light crude traded at US$3.30 to US$3.50 a barrel below ICE Brent for July deliveries, Reuters reported on June 20, compared to discounts of around US$2.50 for June, three traders said, as teapots slowed buying and sellers looked to cut inventories.
Compared to non-sanctioned oil from the Middle East, Iranian oil currently trades at a roughly US$7-8 per barrel discount, according to traders.
Are US sanctions having an impact?
Washington reinstated sanctions on Tehran in 2018, and President Donald Trump's administration has imposed several new rounds of sanctions on Iran's oil trade since taking office in January.
Mr Trump's sanctions have included penalties on three Chinese teapots, which has led to curtailed buying from several mid-sized independents worried about being designated, Reuters reported.
One trader estimated that non-sanctioned oil has replaced about 100,000 barrels per day of Iranian oil to China in 2025.
What is Beijing's stance on the Iran oil trade?
Beijing rejects unilateral sanctions and defends its trade with Iran as legitimate.
Iranian oil imported by China is typically labelled by traders as originating from other countries, such as Malaysia, a major transshipment hub.
Chinese customs data has not shown any oil shipped from Iran since July 2022. REUTERS
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China's catering revenue grew 0.9 per cent year-on-year in June, down from 5.9 per cent in May, official statistics showed. PHOTO: REUTERS Within a few months, private dining room use has fallen from full to about one-third, and average per head spend inside has halved to around 100 to 150 yuan, Ms Xu said. She added the outdoor stall operates with a 10 per cent to 15 per cent margin, which she said was better than the average caterer but still not enough to fully offset the fall in business indoors. Ms Yaling Jiang, founder of research consultancy ApertureChina, said consumers 'continue to seek value and novelty in an economic downturn' but are hesitant when it comes to high-end spending. Shopper Seven Chen, who bought barbecue pork, said he understood what the Beiyuan hotel was trying to do, adding that he was also staying in fancy hotels less often than in the past. 'The main thing is people don't have enough income,' said Mr Chen, who works in finance and lives nearby. 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