5 must-read books to understand Iran: Revolution, resistance & rivalries

Indian Express

24-06-2025

After Israeli and US warplanes struck deep inside Iran, targeting nuclear facilities, government compounds, and military bases, the Islamic Republic retaliated with missile barrages and drone swarms aimed at Israeli cities. Now, an uneasy ceasefire has been announced. But, how did we get here? These five books unravel Iran's journey from its revolution to becoming a regional powerhouse and how a regime born in 1979 became the architect of an anti-Western 'Axis of Resistance.'
With live explosions making headlines, these reads offer what news cycles cannot: the deep history and strategic logic behind the Islamic Republic's defiance. Understand these books, and you'll understand why this fight won't end with one night of airstrikes.
Milani's book examines Iran's ascent as a regional power, challenging the US and its allies through proxies and strategic alliances. From Syria to Yemen, Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' has reshaped Middle Eastern geopolitics. Milani, an Iranian-American scholar, traces Tehran's strategy: exploiting power vacuums, backing militant groups, and leveraging Shia ties. He also explores internal tensions (economic woes, protests, and elite infighting) that could undermine its ambitions. The book's key insight? Iran's rise isn't just ideological but tactical, exploiting US missteps in Iraq and Afghanistan. Yet overreach risks backlash, as seen in Arab Gulf states' countermoves.
Michael Axworthy's Revolutionary Iran is the most comprehensive English-language history of the Islamic Republic, tracing its evolution from the 1979 revolution to today. Axworthy argues that the regime has proven remarkably resilient, surviving war, sanctions, and internal dissent. He examines the Iran-Iraq War's brutal legacy, the ideological battles between reformists and hardliners, and Iran's nuclear ambitions. Axworthy avoids caricature, presenting Iran as neither a rogue state nor a victim but as a complex player with its own strategic logic. The book explores how revolutionary fervor gave way to pragmatic governance, yet how anti-Western rhetoric remains central to Iran's identity. Updated in 2019, it includes the impact of the Trump administration's 'maximum pressure' campaign and Iran's regional proxy wars.
How has Iran outlasted decades of isolation and internal turmoil? Amin Saikal's Iran Rising answers this by dissecting the regime's adaptability. Unlike predictions of collapse, Iran has expanded its influence, through proxies such as Hezbollah, nuclear brinkmanship, and shrewd diplomacy.
Saikal, a seasoned Iran scholar, explains how the Islamic Republic balances revolutionary ideology with realpolitik. He analyzes key moments: the hostage crisis, the Iran-Iraq War, the nuclear deal, and Syria's civil war. The book also highlights Iran's unique hybrid system, where elected leaders coexist with uneclerical rulers, allowing flexibility in foreign policy while suppressing dissent at home.
The book's strength lies in its forward-looking perspective. Can Iran sustain its regional power amid economic distress and youth discontent? Saikal suggests that internal pressures, not external threats, may force change. A must-read for understanding Iran's endurance and what comes next.
Ray Takeyh's Hidden Iran dismantles Western misconceptions, arguing that Iran is neither an irrational theocracy nor a monolithic regime. Instead, it's a battleground of competing factions, hardliners, reformists, and pragmatists, each shaping policy in unpredictable ways.
Takeyh explores Iran's 'dual containment' strategy: confronting the US while engaging Europe and Asia. He unpacks Tehran's nuclear calculus, showing how domestic politics drive defiance rather than mere ideological zeal. The book also critiques US policy failures, advocating engagement over isolation. Though published in 2006, Hidden Iran remains relevant for its insights into Iran's decision-making.
Stephen Kinzer's gripping All the Shah's Men recounts the 1953 CIA-backed coup that ousted Iran's democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh, a pivotal event poisoning US-Iran relations for decades. Kinzer blends spy thriller pacing with sharp analysis, showing how British oil interests and Cold War paranoia led America to overthrow Mossadegh, reinstating the Shah. The backlash fueled anti-Western resentment, paving the way for the 1979 revolution. More than just history, the book explains why Iran distrusts America, and how blowback shapes today's conflicts. Kinzer's warning about interventionist folly resonates as the US and Iran remain locked in hostility.