Rising dairy demand may worsen global nutrition and climate risks

Business Standard

21-07-2025

It's every baby's first food, and we can't get enough of it. The world produces close to a billion metric tonnes of milk each year — more than all the wheat or rice we grow. That lead is set to widen over the coming decade, with dairy consumption expected to grow faster than any other agricultural commodity. On a rapidly warming planet, this poses a host of problems.
Consider demand. There's more than half a billion people under the age of four in developing countries, and about a third of them suffer from stunting — short stature that's associated with health, educational and economic problems in later life. Most could benefit from the policy first proposed by Scottish nutritionist John Boyd Orr in the 1920s: provision of dairy products to give them a more nutritionally rich diet.
That's one of the main pillars of Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto's newly introduced free-school meals program, as my colleague Daniel Moss has written. Similar programmes have been set up in many states in India, as well as South Africa and Kenya.
In terms of human welfare, we should be welcoming this trend. Dairy products are relatively expensive, and we consume more of them as we rise above the most basic subsistence levels. If South Asia, Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are likely to see booming consumption over the coming decade, as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development forecast last week, it's largely a positive symptom of their long-awaited economic development.
Europe alone represents a quarter of global output, and highly perishable dairy products aren't much sold across borders. The total worldwide trade in whole milk powder or WMP, for instance — after a decade when China's hunger for baby formula upended the global dairy industry — accounts for about 2 per cent of raw milk. Even that limited commerce has been sufficient to upset local supply chains. In New Zealand, often likened to the Saudi Arabia of dairy thanks to its dominance in exports, demand from Southeast Asian importers drove WMP prices to a three-year high in May, while butter inflation is running above 50 per cent.
With trade providing only limited relief, we're most likely to see shortages, as rising demand from developing countries is met with limited increases in supply. The world's milk deficit will hit 30 million tonnes by 2030, the International Dairy Federation warned in April. The IFCN Dairy Research Network, a separate group, still sees a 10.5 million tonne shortfall by the same date. That dairy drought will push prices beyond the reach of those who most need it.
Climate change makes all of this worse. Rising temperatures will mean it is even harder for tropical and subtropical countries to be self-sufficient: Extreme heat can cut milk production by as much as 10 per cent, according to a study in the journal Science Advances earlier this month.
Milk is also a major culprit in global warming, as well as a victim of it. Dairy cattle emissions, mostly from methane-dense burps as cows digest grass, amount to 2.1 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide a year, equivalent to what's caused by two-thirds of all cars. The shift to more production in developing nations will make this even worse. Pollution for each kilogram of raw milk in Africa and South Asia is three to four times higher than in developed countries, because the mechanized, intensive dairy farming practiced in the rich world has a far lower carbon footprint.
What can be done to fix this? Wealthy nations whose appetite for plant-based alternatives appears to be wavering should recommit to their shift away from livestock-based food. Far too much of our limited capacity to sustain dairy production is still being hogged by affluent populations who've grown so jaded that we now use milk for luxuries like body-building supplements, as much as for basic nutrition.
Relatively prosperous developing countries like China and Brazil can also up their game by moving to more intensive farming. They could get by with a third of their current dairy herd if they raised yields to developed-world levels.
In India, the biggest dairy producer, the benefits could be even greater. Thanks to religious objections to the slaughter of cows after they stop producing, there are more than five million stray cattle roaming the streets, spreading disease, attacking people, getting hit by traffic, and fueling organized crime. A smaller, more intensively raised herd would shrink this bovine epidemic. Greater dairying of buffalo, which already produce about half of India's milk and aren't considered sacred, would also help.
One thing is certain, though: Exhorting poor countries to give up the nutritional benefits of dairy that their richer peers have enjoyed is repugnant, and bound to fail. If we want to reduce milk's carbon footprint, we're going to need to produce it more efficiently, rather than hoping the problem will just go away.