UPSC Key: The 25 per cent tariff, The Resistance Front and Kamchatka Earthquakes

Indian Express

31-07-2025

Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for July 31, 2025. If you missed the July 30, 2025 UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here
FRONT PAGE
Trump hits India with 25% tariff plus a Russia penalty
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Main Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests.
What's the ongoing story: US President Donald Trump's announcement of a 25 per cent tariff on Indian imports, along with a penalty for procuring military equipment and energy from Russia, comes barely a day before the intended deadline to conclude agreements.
Key Points to Ponder:
• 'US President Donald Trump's announcement of a 25 per cent tariff on Indian imports'-Know in detail
• Apart from the 25% tariff, what additional threat did President Trump mention regarding India?
• Why the U.S. imposition of a 25% tariff plus penalty against India represented a significant departure from prior U.S. trade strategy regarding tariff differentials.
• How India responded?
• Compare the tariff rates imposed on India with those on other U.S. trading partners like Vietnam or Japan.
• What is US-Pakistan oil agreement?
• What does it mean for Pakistan?
• What does US-Pakistan trade deal mean for India?
Key Takeaways:
• All those assumptions are now under a cloud, as policymakers in New Delhi grapple with Trump's statement announcing a 25 per cent tariff on Indian goods from August 1, alongside an additional but unspecified 'penalty' for its defence and energy imports from Russia.
• On the face of it, India's Commerce and Industry Ministry said the government had taken note of Trump's statement and was 'studying its implications'. Alongside this, the trade ministry also reiterated its engagement in negotiations that aimed at concluding 'a fair, balanced and mutually beneficial bilateral trade agreement', which placed importance on 'protecting and promoting the welfare of India's farmers, entrepreneurs, and MSMEs'.
• The official also underlined that the view in government here is that a majority of those who have rushed in to sign deals with the world's biggest economy have ended up with lopsided agreements that effectively extracted more than what it gave. This includes countries such as the UK and Australia that have a trade deficit with the US.
• Trump on Monday had cut short a deadline for Moscow to make progress toward a Ukraine war peace deal or see its oil customers slapped with secondary tariffs of 100 per cent in 10-12 days. 'So I think anyone who buys sanctioned Russian oil should be ready for this,' US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent had said.
• China is the largest buyer of Russian oil, at about 2 million barrels per day, followed by India (just under 2 million a day) and Turkey. China had agreed to cut tariffs on US goods to 10 per cent from 125 per cent in May, while the US had agreed to lower tariffs on Chinese goods to 30 per cent from 145 per cent.
Do You Know:
US President Donald Trump's announcement of a 25 per cent tariff on Indian imports, has key consequences.
• One, it puts India at a disadvantage in comparison to competitors. Two, it put the onus back on the Indian side to fast-track its negotiations for an interim deal with the US. Indications are that the outer limit for a deal, currently pegged at around October from New Delhi's perspective, might need to be brought forward.
• What complicates the equation for India is that the Chinese are at an advanced stage of negotiations towards a deal, which could have a favourable tariff rate and potential waivers on secondary tariffs, which include the tariff on account of Russian oil imports and the proposed 10 per cent BRICS tariff.
• Though Trump did not specify the rate of penalty for India on account of Russian oil and defence imports, earlier statements made by Trump indicate that it could be to the tune of 100 per cent.
• This way, India stands to potentially lose the US tariff advantage vis-a-vis China at least till the time a deal is struck, even if Beijing, too, faces the same penalty for importing from Russia. Beijing does stand to have a first-mover advantage as it has already wrapped up its negotiations ahead of India with the US. A final China deal, however, is still elusive.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Road to October pact gets tougher, shrinks room to drive a better deal
📍How Trump's 25% tariffs announcement could impact future India-US trade negotiations
📍Trump announces 'deal' with Islamabad to develop Pakistan's oil reserves: 'Maybe they'll sell to India someday'
ISRO-NASA satellite placed in orbit, to map Earth in detail
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
What's the ongoing story: In its most significant launch since the Moon-landing Chandrayaan-3 in 2023, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Wednesday placed NISAR satellite, a first-of-its-kind collaborative project between India and the US, into its intended orbit.
Key Points to Ponder:
• NISAR mission-know its features and objectives
• What is the significance of the NASA–ISRO collaborative model in the NISAR mission?
• What is the potential use of NISAR data?
• How NISAR complements India's existing earth observation systems?
• What are the geopolitical and scientific significance of the ISRO NASA collaboration on NISAR?
• What are the advantages of dual frequency SAR (L band and S band) in studying Earth surface processes?
• Know the role of NISAR in India's disaster management strategy, especially in hazard prone regions like the Himalayas.
• How NISAR complements existing Indian remote sensing satellites like CARTOSAT and RISAT?
Key Takeaways:
• The uniqueness of the satellite lies in the fact that it carries two Synthetic Aperture Radars (SARs) of different frequencies that are designed to work together to produce some of the most detailed images of the Earth ever captured from space. SARs are imaging equipment that use the non-visible microwave radiation to create pictures of the Earth from space. Never before have two SARs been mounted on a single satellite.
• The NISAR satellite flew on a GSLV rocket launched from Sriharikota Wednesday evening. The satellite was deposited in the Sun Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSPO), about 747 km from the Earth, within 19 minutes of the launch. This was the first time that ISRO used its powerful GSLV rocket to drop a satellite in the SSPO. Usually, the PSLV rocket is used to access these orbits, but NISAR satellite was too heavy to be handled by PSLV. In fact, at 2,392 kgs, NISAR is the heaviest Earth observation satellite ever.
Do You Know:
• NISAR is meant to take high-resolution pictures of the Earth, which will be useful for a wide range of research activities, including in climate change, disaster management, agriculture, forestry and urban planning. The two SARs, working in tandem, can map the terrain in minute detail, and, by repeating their observations in a cyclic fashion, can capture the changes happening at as small a scale as one centimetre.
• NISAR satellite would map the entire globe every 12 days, providing a series of detailed images that can have various applications ranging from predicting disasters, helping in rescue efforts afterwards, developing new models for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and most importantly studying the impacts of climate change. The mission life of the satellite is five years.
• The concept for a NISAR-like mission emerged in 2007 when a US committee had recommended a space mission to study how changes in land, ice or vegetation cover were taking place. The mission was supposed to carry out surface deformation monitoring to facilitate studies of earthquakes, landslides and volcanoes, apart from making observations that will help the study of climate change, global carbon cycle, changes in vegetation, biomass and ice-cover.
• NASA began working on the project in 2008. ISRO came into the picture four years later, when it identified science studies and applications that were complementary to the primary objective of the mission. NASA and ISRO had collaborated earlier — there was a NASA payload on ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 — but never jointly developed or executed a space mission. The two agencies signed a deal on NISAR in 2014, and have been engaged in developing this mission since then.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍NISAR's two eyes on Earth
UNSC report names The Resistance Front, cites Pahalgam terror attack
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Mains Examination:
• General Studies II: India and its neighbourhood- relations.
• General Studies III: Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security
What's the ongoing story: In a first, The Resistance Front (TRF), a shadow outfit of Pakistan-based terror outfit Lashkar-e-Taiba that had claimed responsibility for the Pahalgam terror attack on April 22, has found mention in a United Nations Security Council (UNSC) report monitoring sanctions on terror outfits.
Key Points to Ponder:
• The Resistance Front (TRF)-know in detail
• The Resistance Front (TRF), linked to the Pahalgam attack, is believed to be an offshoot of which terrorist organisation?
• Know the role of Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in past terrorist activities against India.
• What are the challenges and consequences of conducting precision strikes on foreign soil, considering international law and diplomatic relations.
• Know the historical patterns of terrorist attacks by groups like LeT and JeM and how India's military responses have evolved over time.
• Know the significance of TRF being named by the UNSC Monitoring Team.
• How TRF operates as a proxy of LeT and the implications of such organizational front structures for counter-terror policy?
Key Takeaways:
• According to the report of the Monitoring Team (MT) of the UNSC 1267 [ISIS (Da'esh) & Al-Qaida] Sanctions Committee, the entry under the Asia section reads: 'On 22 April, five terrorists attacked a tourist spot in Pahalgam, in Jammu and Kashmir. Twenty-six civilians were killed. The attack was claimed that same day by The Resistance Front (TRF), who in parallel published a photograph of the attack site. The claim of responsibility was repeated the following day.'
• Sources pointed out that the paragraph on TRF and the Pahalgam terror attack is the first and largest part under the South Asia section. 'It is in sync with what we have been stating on the links between the TRF and the LeT and its support from Pakistan,' a source said.
• This is the first time that the TRF has been mentioned in any UN document, sources said. In the past, India's consistent efforts for naming the TRF in the UNSC statements were stymied by Pakistan.
• The development is significant as all decisions of the 1267 Sanctions Committee, including MT reports, are adopted by consensus by members of the UNSC. Pakistan is a non-permanent member of the UNSC.
• After Operation Sindoor, which followed the Pahalgam attack, India had reached out to most of the UNSC member countries — permanent and non-permanent members – with multi-party political delegations visiting these countries in May-June.
• According to sources, the inclusion of TRF in the MT report despite Pakistan's efforts highlights Islamabad's undeniable involvement in fomenting terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. 'It also attests to our credibility in the UN on the counter-terror front,' the source said.
Do You Know:
• On July 18, the US State Department had designated TRF as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT). 'TRF, a Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT) front and proxy, claimed responsibility for the April 22, 2025, Pahalgam attack which killed 26 civilians. This was the deadliest attack on civilians in India since the 2008 Mumbai attacks conducted by LeT. TRF has also claimed responsibility for several attacks against Indian security forces, including most recently in 2024,' the US State Department had said.
• The Resistance Front (TRF) had claimed responsibility for the Pahalgam attack that killed 26 tourists, sources in central agencies said. The Resistance Front (TRF) is an offshoot of the Pakistan-based terror group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).
• The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) declared the TRF a 'terrorist organisation' under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act in January 2023. The government said it was engaged in propaganda on terror activities, recruitment of terrorists, infiltration of terrorists and smuggling of weapons and narcotics from Pakistan into Jammu and Kashmir.
• But the TRF first started making headlines in 2020. In May of that year, five Army commandos were killed in a gunbattle in Keran, in which five TRF militants were also killed. Similar clashes occurred around that time in Handwara and Sopore, killing security personnel.
• The first was the revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 in August 2019. The second was the decapitation of the LeT in Kashmir in 2018.
• The Lashkar-e-Taiba was founded around 1985, and one of its main goals was merging the whole of Kashmir with Pakistan. However, by the end of 2018, it had suffered significant reverses at the hands of Indian security forces.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Pahalgam attack: How 'The Resistance Front' grew, spread in Kashmir
📍2000, '02, J&K terror's old ghost: attack during high-profile US visit
Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:
1. Hand-in-Hand 2007' a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of Army of which one of the following countries? (2008)
(a) China
(b) Japan
(c) Russia
(d) USA
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
📍The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017)
GOVT & POLITICS
Cash row: 1985 Act empowers us to call in-house inquiry, SC tells Justice Varma
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance
Main Examination: General Studies II: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government and their role in the Polity.
What's the ongoing story: The Supreme Court Wednesday reserved decision on Allahabad High Court judge Justice Yashwant Varma's plea challenging the in-house inquiry ordered by the Chief Justice of India over allegations of cash discovery from his official residence in Delhi, and remarked orally that The Judges (Protection) Act, 1985, 'empowers' the top court to order such a probe 'for maintaining institutional integrity'.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Who is Justice Yashwant Varma?
• Why Justice Yashwant Varma is in news?
• What is the Judges (Protection) Act, 1985?
• What you know about Justice Varma case?
• Discuss the significance of judicial accountability in ensuring the independence of the judiciary in India.
• The Justice Varma case highlights what?
• The judiciary is expected to remain impartial and independent of political influence—analyse judicial appointments and removals impact this independence.
• How a Sitting Judge Can Be Removed From Office?
• What is the Procedure for Removal of a Judge in India?
• What is Impeachment?
• What are the constitutional provisions and procedures governing the impeachment of High court judges?
• The process of impeachment of a judge of the Supreme Court is laid down in Article 124(4) of the Constitution of India-True or false?
• What Article 218 of the Constitution of India says?
• What are the Grounds of Impeachment?
• What role do parliamentary Houses and presiding officers play in the impeachment of High court judges?
Key Takeaways:
• Justice Dipankar Datta, presiding over a two-judge bench which heard Justice Yashwant Varma's plea, pointed to Section 3(2) of the Act. 'Nothing in sub-section (1) shall debar or affect in any manner the power of the Central Government or the State Government or the Supreme Court of India or any High Court or any other authority under any law for the time being in force to take such action (whether by way of civil, criminal, or departmental proceedings or otherwise) against any person who is or was a Judge.'
• The bench, also comprising Justice A G Masih, made it clear that the remit of the in-house inquiry panel was not to find out who the cash discovered at Justice Varma's house during an accidental fire belonged to. 'Why do you want to invite us to the report, whether it's your money or not? That was not the remit of the committee,' Justice Datta told Senior Advocate Kapil Sibal, who appeared for Justice Varma.
• Justice Datta said the term 'otherwise' appearing in the 1985 Act 'has to be given some meaning.' 'It means a non-punitive proceeding which is contemplated by the in-house procedure for maintaining the institutional integrity. And, therefore, this 'otherwise', other than the judgements, empowers the Supreme Court of India to direct this in-house inquiry.'
Do You Know:
Shashank Maheshwari Writes:
• The judiciary forms one of the three pillars of a democracy and derives its authority from the Constitution. The outdated notion of legislative supremacy has now been replaced: The Supreme Court in Keshav Singh vs Speaker, Legislative Assembly (1965) and People's Union For Civil Liberties vs Union of India (2005) recognised that the Constitution is supreme. The Constitution provides strong safeguards for judicial independence, including security of tenure, fixed salaries charged to the Consolidated Fund, protection from discussion in legislatures, and immunity under laws like the Judges (Protection) Act, 1985. Provisions for the removal of high court and SC judges by Parliament on grounds of 'proven misbehaviour' or 'incapacity' under Articles 124 and 217 create an accountability mechanism.
• Under Article 124(5), Parliament enacted the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, which provides the procedures to investigate judicial misconduct. Further, on May 7, 1997, the SC's Full Court adopted the 'Restatement of Values of Judicial Life'. It authorises the Chief Justice to constitute an in-house committee to investigate allegations against judges of the higher judiciary. This was recognised in C Ravichandran Iyer vs Justice A M Bhattacharjee (1995).
• While drafting the Judges Inquiry Bill, 1964 under Article 124(5), eminent legal figures like C K Daphtary and G S Pathak emphasised that complaints against judges should originate from MPs, not the executive, and be submitted to the Speaker or Chairman. If accepted, a three-member judicial committee would investigate the charges.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Who is Justice Yashwant Varma, the Delhi HC judge in middle of 'cash recovered at home' row?
EXPRESS NETWORK
Sacred Buddhist Piprahwa gemstones, put up for auction, repatriated to India after 127 years
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: History of India
Main Examination: General Studies I: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
What's the ongoing story: Jewels forming a portion of the sacred Piprahwa relics of the Buddha, which had recently come up for auction at Sotheby's Hong Kong, were repatriated to India on Wednesday, 127 years after they were taken away during colonial rule.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What are the Piprahwa relics of Buddha?
• What are the Piprahwa gems?
• What the controversy is about?
• What is the significance of the Piprahwa gem repatriation?
• Know the role of public private partnerships such as that between the Indian government and Godrej Industries in securing cultural artefacts.
• What are the strengths and possible limitations of public private partnerships model for heritage diplomacy?
Key Takeaways:
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi said in a post on X: 'It would make every Indian proud that the sacred Piprahwa relics of Bhagwan Buddha have come home after 127 long years. These sacred relics highlight India's close association with Bhagwan Buddha and his noble teachings. It also illustrates our commitment to preserving and protecting different aspects of our glorious culture.'
• The relics were discovered during the excavation of an ancient Buddhist stupa in Uttar Pradesh's Piprahwa, near the India-Nepal border. They hold immense religious and cultural importance for the Buddhist community.
• Besides the ornaments and gemstones that appeared for auction, the Piprawaha tranche comprises bone fragments believed to be that of the Buddha, along with soapstone and crystal caskets, and a sandstone coffer.
• The other portions of the Piprahwa relics have been held in the vaults of Kolkata's Indian Museum since 1898. These will also be displayed at an exhibition in Delhi's National Museum along with the repatriated gems.
• The gemstones, meanwhile, became part of the private collection of William Claxton Peppé, who had conducted the excavation. His grandson and heir Chris Peppé put them up for auction through Sotheby's Hong Kong.
Do You Know:
• Pirojsha Godrej of Godrej Industries Group stepped forward to acquire the collection of 349 jewels, officials from the Ministry of Culture told reporters Wednesday. The value of the transaction was not disclosed but the collection is estimated to be worth over $100 million.
• With this unconventional move by allowing a private industrialist to step in and get back the sacred relics, right from Hong Kong which has a huge Chinese influence, the government has reaffirmed India's bid to establish itself as the birthplace of Buddhism vis-à-vis China. The move also allowed the government to not get into a commercial transaction for the relics, which would have raised ethical issues.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Ministry of Culture Takes Steps to Halt Auction of Piprahwa Relics by Sotheby's Hong Kong
EXPLAINED
The Kamchatka quakes
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
Mains Examination: General Studies I: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
What's the ongoing story: An 8.8 magnitude earthquake, one of the strongest on record, struck the Kamchatka Peninsula, in Russia's far-east, about 6,500 km east of Moscow, on Wednesday morning, triggering a tsunami that struck several countries on both sides of the northern Pacific Ocean.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Map Work-Kamchatka Peninsula
• Map Work-Earthquake-prone areas in India and in the World
• Map Work-Mark Circum-Pacific Belt
• Earthquake zones in World-Know in detail
• Circum-Pacific Belt and Earthquake-Connect the dot
• Where and when did the earthquake occur?
• What is called Ring of Fire?
• What does the Ring of Fire have to do with Kamchatka Peninsula?
• Why does the earth shake when there is an earthquake?
• What are the Major and Minor Plates?
• The movement of the tectonic plates creates three types of tectonic boundaries-What are they?
• Why earthquakes remain unpredictable?
• What exactly causes earthquakes?
• Can earthquakes be predicted?
• What is focus or seismic focus of Earthquake?
• What is epicentre of Earthquake?
• The intensity of earthquake is highest in the epicentre and decreases as one moves away-True or False?
• What is continental drift and how does it differ from plate tectonics?
• Do shallow earthquakes cause greater damage?
• What are the pre disaster measures taken to manage earthquake disaster?
• What is post-disaster management of earthquakes?
• What is it about an earthquake that causes a tsunami?
• What is a tsunami?
Key Takeaways:
• The tsunami generated waves as high as 3-4 metres in the Kamchatka Peninsula and some other places, about five feet in Hawaii, and about two feet in Japan. Flooding and damage were reported from several places, but no lives were lost.
• The earthquake in Kamchatka was the strongest since the 9.1 magnitude quake that had struck Japan in 2011. That quake too had caused a major tsunami which then led to the nuclear disaster at Fukushima.
• Wednesday's event was rare — only five earthquakes of magnitude 8.5 and above have occurred in the past 20 years — but it occurred in a region that is one of the most earthquake prone in the world.
Do You Know:
• Kamchatka Peninsula lies on the Circum-Pacific seismic belt, more popularly known as the 'Ring of Fire', that witnesses the maximum number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on Earth.
• This seismically active belt encircles almost the entire Pacific Ocean — on its eastern side is the western coast of the Americas, and on its western side lies the Far East and Oceania. It touches countries like the United States, Mexico, Chile, Peru, New Zealand, Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan and Russia.
• According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Ring of Fire accounts for more than 80% of the planet's largest earthquakes. The biggest recorded earthquake, of magnitude 9.5 in Chile in 1960, occurred in this belt, and so did a magnitude 9.2 event in Alaska in 1964. In fact, each of the 23 events of 8-plus magnitude recorded in the last 20 years have happened along this seismic belt.
• The nearly 2,000-km long region extending from Kamchatka Peninsula in the north to northern Japan in the south, and including the volcanically-active Kuril Islands of Russia, has witnessed more than 130 earthquake events of 7-plus magnitude since 1900, USGS data show. In 1952, this region even recorded a magnitude 9 earthquake.
• The Circum-Pacific seismic belt is home to multiple subduction processes, in which the Pacific tectonic plate is clashing against continental land.
• Subduction is a geological process in which one tectonic plate — put simply, a large section of the Earth's crust — presses against another. Usually, the heavier or denser plate, that is, the one with more mass per unit of area, tends to go below the lighter plate. But this process results in deformities and creates a huge stress at the plate boundaries. It is this stress that is released in the form of earthquakes.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Massive 8.8 quake hits Russia, tsunami waves reach Japan, Hawaii, California
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Priya Kumari Shukla is a Senior Copy Editor in the Indian Express (digital). She contributes to the UPSC Section of Indian Express (digital) and started niche initiatives such as UPSC Key, UPSC Ethics Simplified, and The 360° UPSC Debate. The UPSC Key aims to assist students and aspirants in their preparation for the Civil Services and other competitive examinations. It provides valuable guidance on effective strategies for reading and comprehending newspaper content. The 360° UPSC Debate tackles a topic from all perspectives after sorting through various publications. The chosen framework for the discussion is structured in a manner that encompasses both the arguments in favour and against the topic, ensuring comprehensive coverage of many perspectives.
Prior to her involvement with the Indian Express, she had affiliations with a non-governmental organisation (NGO) as well as several coaching and edutech enterprises. In her prior professional experience, she was responsible for creating and refining material in various domains, including article composition and voiceover video production. She has written in-house books on many subjects, including modern India, ancient Indian history, internal security, international relations, and the Indian economy. She has more than eight years of expertise in the field of content writing.
Priya holds a Master's degree in Electronic Science from the University of Pune as well as an Executive Programme in Public Policy and Management (EPPPM) from the esteemed Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, widely recognised as one of the most prestigious business schools in India. She is also an alumni of Jamia Milia Islamia University Residential Coaching Academy (RCA).
Priya has made diligent efforts to engage in research endeavours, acquiring the necessary skills to effectively examine and synthesise facts and empirical evidence prior to presenting their perspective. Priya demonstrates a strong passion for reading, particularly in the genres of classical Hindi, English, Maithili, and Marathi novels and novellas. Additionally, she possessed the distinction of being a cricket player at the national level.
Qualification, Degrees / other achievements:
Master's degree in Electronic Science from University of Pune and Executive Programme in Public Policy and Management (EPPPM) from Indian Institute of Management Calcutta
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