India setting a new benchmark in defence self-reliance
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In the 21st century, India is no longer just an emerging economy—it has risen as a powerful, self-reliant nation with global influence. Behind this transformation are economic reforms, scientific advancements, and, most importantly, the strengthening of national defence capabilities.
A nation's security rests upon the strength and sophistication of its defence forces. India's modern defence strategy is no longer limited to border protection, it reflects the country's growing strategic, technological, and diplomatic ambitions.
Let us examine the historical evolution, current status, and future prospects of India's defence power.
India has been rich in military strategy and warfare since ancient times, as seen in the epics Mahabharat, Ramayan, and the armies of the Maurya and Gupta empires.
After gaining independence in 1947, India inherited partition-related turmoil, limited military resources, and strategic ambiguity. Yet, the Indian Armed Forces effectively defended the nation and delivered strong responses during wars in 1947-48, 1965, 1971, and the Kargil conflict of 1999.
For a long time, India's defence framework relied heavily on imports and followed a largely reactive policy. However, the second decade of the 21st century marked a revolutionary shift.
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In recent years, India has embraced the 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' (Self-Reliant India) initiative with a special focus on indigenization in the defence sector. Under PM Narendra Modi's leadership, indigenous manufacturing, research and development (R&D), private sector involvement, and defence exports have been prioritized.
Modifications to the Defence Procurement Policy (DPP) and the introduction of the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 have promoted 'Make in India' products, giving them preference in procurement.
Advanced weapon systems developed by DRDO such as the Tejas fighter jet, Akash missile, Pinaka rocket system, and Arjun tank have enhanced India's defence capabilities.
To boost defence manufacturing, govt announced the creation of two Defence Corridors—one in Uttar Pradesh and another in Tamil Nadu. These aim to make Indian defence manufacturing globally competitive.
If we talk about modernization of Armed Forces, India has the world's second-largest standing army, with over 1.2 million personnel.
The force is now being modernized with the formation of Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs) for rapid response, the adoption of advanced rifles like SIG Sauer, and indigenous AK-203 rifles. Cyber and electronic warfare units have also been established.
The Indian Navy has expanded beyond coastal defence to emerge as a Net Security Provider in the Indian Ocean. The INS Vikrant (2022) is India's first indigenously built aircraft carrier.
Submarines like INS Kalvari and INS Arihant symbolize India's self-reliance. Projects like 15B (destroyers) and Project 75 (submarines) under 'Make in India' have further strengthened naval power.
The Indian Air Force plays a decisive role in modern warfare. The induction of Rafale jets and indigenous Tejas Mark-1A aircraft has enhanced its strike capabilities. Deployment of the S-400 Triumf air defence system has further bolstered aerial security.
India adheres to a 'No First Use' nuclear policy but maintains a robust second-strike capability. India's triad strike capability—nuclear delivery via land, air, and sea—is fully operational. Collaboration between DRDO and Isro has boosted space-based surveillance and missile accuracy.
In the domains of cybersecurity and Artificial Intelligence, India is making significant advances. With future warfare increasingly relying on digital platforms, India has established the Defence Cyber Agency and AI Task Force.
DRDO is developing AI-based surveillance systems and drone technology. Through international forums like QUAD, India is also building partnerships in digital and cyber security.
India is transitioning from being a major arms importer to a notable exporter. In FY 2023–24, India exported defense products worth over ₹21,000 crore. Countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Mauritius, Myanmar, Saudi Arabia, and even Israel are among the recipients.
Key export items include ,HAL's Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH), Radar systems by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), BrahMos Supersonic Missile system Under Prime Minister Modi's leadership, India has significantly deepened military diplomacy.
Notable agreements include: COMCASA and BECA with the US; Rafale jets and naval cooperation with France; S-400 missiles, submarines, and BrahMos with Russia. Drones and surveillance tech from Israel; India conducts joint military exercises with over 42 countries, enhancing global strategic partnerships.
Govt has emphasized increasing women's participation in the military. Women now receive permanent commissions across all branches. Female officers serve in combat roles in the Navy and Air Force, and the NDA now admits women cadets, marking a significant shift in policy.
Just look at the budget and foreign Investment in defence sector.
India's defence budget for 2024–25 has crossed Rs 6.21 lakh crore. A substantial portion is allocated for indigenous R&D and technology.
The FDI limit in defence has been raised to 74%, encouraging foreign investments and collaborations. But we do have some challenges, like Dual threats from China and Pakistan in border areas. Growing cyber threats, Technological gaps in critical defence areas.
To overcome these, India must focus on future technologies like: Quantum tech,Hypersonic weapons, AI-driven warfare. Projects like Shivalik-class ships, project-18 destroyers, Tejas Mark-2, and AMCA (5th-gen stealth jets) will shape India's next-generation defense strength.
So we can say, India's defence achievements in recent years reflect its growing self-reliance, technological innovation, and strategic foresight. Under PM Modi's vision, the 'Make in India' and 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' campaigns have transformed India from a defence importer to a defence producer and exporter.
Whether it is the Arjun tank, Tejas jets, Akash/Nag missiles, or the Pinaka MLR systems, India is now building what it once imported.
DRDO continues to play a key role in these advancements.
India's BrahMos missile, developed with Russia, remains one of the world's fastest cruise missiles. The Agni ballistic missile series further solidifies India's nuclear deterrent.
Defence corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are drawing private and foreign investment. Companies like Tata, L&T, and Mahindra Defence are actively participating in indigenous defence production.
From building its own aircraft carriers and submarines to deploying AI-based defence networks, India is not just protecting its borders—it is redefining the very nature of modern warfare.
In the coming years, India is poised to rise further through innovation, localization, and strategic partnerships. The new India's defence strength is no longer a vision—it is a reality. It stands as a symbol not just of military might, but of India's commitment to global peace, stability, and cooperation.
India today is not just defending its borders—it is emerging as a powerful, self-reliant, and responsible global defence power.
(Writer is a Lucknow-based journalist and political commentator)
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