Brain Variations Identified in Children With Restrictive Eating Disorders
Identifying the causes of these changes could help researchers understand how these conditions relate to other neurodevelopmental disorders and how they might be better treated.
Magnetic resonance imaging scans of 174 children aged under 13 who had been diagnosed with an early-onset restrictive eating disorder (rEO-ED) were analyzed by an international group of researchers, and compared with scans from 116 children without a diagnosis.
The motivations behind the study were to look for differences between disorder types, and to see if there were any relationships with brain structures associated with neurological conditions such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).
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"Early-onset restrictive eating disorders encompass a heterogeneous group of conditions, including early-onset anorexia nervosa and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorders (ARFID)," write the researchers in their published paper.
"However, the impact of rEO-ED on brain morphometry remains largely unknown."
The researchers spotted some differences in brain structure for both early-onset anorexia nervosa (including a thinner cortex and more cerebrospinal fluid) and for underweight patients with ARFID (including a reduced surface area and reduced overall brain volume).
As this study is limited to a snapshot in time, it's difficult to confirm whether structural brain variations are a cause or a consequence of these disorders.
Among the children with early-onset anorexia nervosa, changes to cortical thickness were more closely linked to body mass index (BMI), suggesting the differences in neurology may be a consequence of restrictive eating behaviors.
To trace any overlap between restrictive eating disorders and other neurodevelopmental conditions, scans were obtained from a variety of external datasets. The team found similarities in in cortical thickness signatures between early-onset anorexia nervosa and OCD, and between ARFID and autism.
Somewhat surprisingly given previous research, there was little overlap between anorexia nervosa and autism, or between ARFID and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
"Overall, this multiscale overlap – at the clinical, brain and genetic levels – suggests shared mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders that are independent of BMI," write the researchers.
The findings reinforce the significance of treating early-onset anorexia nervosa and ARFID as distinct disorders, while emphasising similarities and differences with other mental health conditions.
The findings improve our understanding of how eating behaviors and brain structures are linked, informing development of potential treatments. These disorders are currently tackled in a variety of ways, including both dietary and psychological treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
We know the relationship between the brain and our behaviors – including eating habits – is complex and multi-faceted, and the researchers are keen to keep studying how this applies to eating disorders, which could include gathering data on larger samples of people and tracking brain changes over time.
The research has been published in Nature Mental Health.
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Walnuts, in particular, are a smart choice among nuts when it comes to longevity foods. Ever notice that they look like a brain? Not only do they support cognitive health, but researchers found that a serving of walnuts (1 oz.) supported cardiovascular health and could support a longer lifespan at age 60 (researchers project an additional 1.3 years in women and 1.26 years in men, to be precise) among those who consumed five or more servings per week compared to those who did not eat walnuts. Plus, the study found that even eating half a serving (0.5 oz.) can be beneficial. So, whether you choose to add them to your oatmeal or enjoy them on their own, do stock your pantry with these nutritious nuts! 2. Pomegranates Botanically considered berries, these ruby-red fruits are bursting with benefits. Many of the health benefits from pomegranates can be attributed to their potent antioxidant properties, though they are also a source of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Interestingly, after digesting two polyphenols found in pomegranates, punicalagins and ellagitannins, a unique molecule known as urolithin A (UA) is formed. Urolithin A may support autophagy, our bodies' way of cleaning out cellular debris that can get in the way of healthy mitochondria function, though more research on the effect of UA in human aging is needed. Healthy cells, healthy you! From heart health to metabolic health and more, research has shown that all parts of the pomegranate fruit are beneficial. Sprinkle the arils on your salad, drink the juice, or take an extract! 3. Garlic Garlic isn't just for repelling vampires; it may play a role in warding off the aging process. Because this beloved bulb is a source of a variety of bioactive compounds, including more than 20 polyphenols, it has strong antioxidant properties, helping the body respond to oxidative stress. Speaking of aging, both aged garlic, or aged "black garlic," and non-aged garlic offer benefits to our health. Thanks in part to allicin, one of the main active compounds in non-aged garlic responsible for its aroma, garlic promotes immune support and cellular detoxification. Garlic is also known for supporting heart health. S-allyl-cysteine (SAC), a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, is a key compound from aged black garlic which helps maintain healthy blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides. 4. Green tea Like all true teas, green tea is derived from the Camellia sinensis plant. While many tea varieties offer benefits to our health, green tea in particular has stood out to researchers in the field of healthy aging. Green tea has next to no calories and macronutrients, yet is high in bioactive nutrients. Among all types of tea, green tea has the highest concentration of EGCG, a polyphenol (antioxidant). Along with research showing that green tea could support a longer lifespan, green tea drinkers may also enjoy a variety of other benefits from this elixir, including healthy cellular activity, metabolic function, cardiovascular and cognitive health. 5. Olive oil This Mediterranean diet staple is high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially oleic acid, as well as polyphenols including oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. Many of the health benefits of olive oil are thought to be a result of its polyphenol content, and the antioxidant activity from it. Monounsaturated fats are known to be beneficial for heart health. The cardiovascular benefits of olive oil include maintaining healthy cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and more! Interestingly, olive oil can also positively influence gene expression. In a large study in U.S. adults, daily olive oil intake was associated with an increased likelihood of living a longer, healthier life. 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Blueberries Known for being among the lower-in-sugar fruits, these berries are high in health-promoting antioxidants, including anthocyanins and pterostilbene. Wild blueberries in particular have one of the highest amounts of antioxidants when compared to other types of blueberries. You can find wild blueberries in the freezer section of your grocery store or as an extract in a dietary supplement. Research shows that blueberries support cardiovascular, metabolic, brain, and cellular health. Aim to consume at least one cup per day to get the benefits. You can meet this goal by adding frozen blueberries to your smoothie or adding fresh blueberries atop Greek yogurt with a drizzle of honey. 7. Mushrooms Fungi are our friends! Mushrooms are a source of beta-glucans (fiber), selenium (mineral), and crucial sulfur-containing antioxidants, ergothioneine and glutathione. Researchers compared the health status of those who included mushrooms in their diets, including those who consumed mushrooms in place of processed meat, to individuals who had low mushroom consumption. The results showed that eating more mushrooms (and less processed meat) may equate to an increased likelihood of living a longer life. To get the benefits of mushrooms, aim for four cups per week of varieties such as porcini, oyster, shiitake, and maitake. You could also replace a daily serving of processed meat with mushrooms (but be sure to make up the protein equivalent elsewhere in your diet), or take a mushroom extract. 8. Salmon Could a meal of baked salmon add 16 minutes to your life? Yes, according to researchers who investigated the health effects in minutes of healthy life gained or lost of 5,853 foods in the U.S. diet. A large body of evidence suggests that including non-fried seafood in your diet is beneficial for health. Fish is included on the list of foods for those following eating patterns commonly recommended by experts, such as the Mediterranean, DASH, or MIND diets. And wild salmon is among the best fish in the sea! Salmon is a fatty fish (contains omega-3 fatty acid) and is low in environmental contaminants. Salmon is also a source of vitamin D, selenium, iodine, choline, and more. 9. Yogurt Need another reason to eat this popular fermented food? Researchers looked at high daily intake of yogurt compared with low daily intake and found that daily yogurt consumption was associated with an increase in lifespan and maintenance of heart health. One of the proposed reasons for the finding was the favorable influence of yogurt on gut health, though it is important to note that yogurt varieties will vary greatly not only in the amount of beneficial bacteria it contains, but also its nutritional profile. Choose yogurt with no added sugars and sweeten it yourself with fruit and a touch of honey. Also, keep an eye on the fat and protein content to ensure it aligns with your health goals. 10. Spinach I think we can all agree that the heart is a pretty important organ to maintain for the long haul, and spinach may be just the ticket for your ticker. Aside from spinach containing an impressive variety of vitamins and minerals, it also contains nitrates, which is a precursor to nitric oxide. The nitrates found in leafy greens like spinach can support heart health, according to researchers who evaluated the effects of a spinach-containing meal and found that even a single nitrate-rich meal containing spinach supported healthy blood pressure and other measures of cardiovascular health. Honorable mention: beets, which are also a great option to support nitric oxide production. 11. Seaweed Did you know that Japan has been known to have a high percentage of centenarians (people over 100 years of age) per capita? 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Research has linked higher legume intake with an increase in lifespan, so be sure to include these satiating and surprisingly versatile foods in your meal rotation. 15. Coffee Daily coffee drinkers, rejoice! Not only does your morning java put some pep in your step, but coffee is also a source of antioxidants like chlorogenic acid and can support healthy blood sugar and liver health. Studies show that moderate coffee consumption (2-4 cups daily) is associated with a longer lifespan. Interestingly, the time of day you drink your coffee could make a key difference. A study looking at morning coffee drinkers versus all-day coffee drinkers found that higher intakes of coffee in the morning were associated with a longer lifespan, but not in those with an all-day drinking pattern. So go ahead and enjoy your morning pick-me-up (preferably without added sugar, as it may actually negate some of the benefits). Does a plant-based diet help with healthy aging? Yes! As you may have noticed, this list is heavily plant-based. That is because a diet rich in plant foods can help support healthy aging. Plants contain important nutrients, such as phytonutrients. ("Phyto" refers to the Greek word for plant.) "Plant-based" often refers to a dietary pattern that includes primarily plant foods, which differs from veganism, in which no animal food sources are included. When it comes to choosing longevity foods for healthy aging, a plant-forward approach, or simply adhering to the recommended 5-7 servings of fruit and vegetables daily can go a long way. So no need to put a label on it, but focus on an eating pattern that includes plants with every meal and snack. How does the Mediterranean diet support healthy aging? By emphasizing plant foods and limiting red meat, the Mediterranean diet helps ensure a variety of key nutrients that support healthy aging are consumed. 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Easy ways to add longevity foods to meals It's always nice to find new recipes that you enjoy, but you could also add them to your existing meal rotation! The dishes below are easily customizable, so you can add foods like walnuts, blueberries, pomegranates, and dark chocolate as toppings or in the mix to: Smoothies Yogurt Smoothie bowls Acai bowls Chia pudding Oatmeal Cereal For the more savory items, such as legumes, seaweed, mushrooms, garlic, and olive oil, build your own bowl! Start with some whole grains or legumes as carbs and/or greens as a base, layer on your favorite protein, and top with veggies. Voila! Longevity is served. This story was produced by Life Extension and reviewed and distributed by Stacker. Solve the daily Crossword
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