Human Babies Aren't Supposed to Have 3 Parents—but Now They Can
Here's what you'll learn when you read this story:
The first babies with three biological parents were born out of a new technique to prevent mitochondrial disease.
The nucleus of an egg fertilized in vitro was transferred into a donor egg without a nucleus, but with viable mitochondria.
Eight healthy babies, including a set of twins, were born with low to undetectable levels of mitochondrial mutations.
The only creatures known to conceive offspring from more than two parents are salamanders. Females from the genus Ambystoma (which are notoriously promiscuous) mate with up to three different males, and that DNA is then incorporated into what is known as a triploid genome in their offspring. Now a version of this has become possible in humans.
It seems limb regeneration isn't the only way medical intervention can put humans on salamanders' level. Being born with three genomes is not a phenomenon that occurs naturally in Homo sapiens, but in an attempt to prevent certain genetic conditions caused by mutations in the mitochondria, scientists have found a way. Mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA is exclusively passed down from the maternal side. Dysfunction in the mitochondria can lead to metabolic diseases characterized by symptoms such as seizures, developmental delays, blindness, and loss of muscular function. Some can even be fatal.
Mitochondrial diseases occur in about 1 in every 5,000 people. They were previously only preventable by using a donor egg or foregoing the conception of biological children altogether. This is why pediatric neurologist Bobby McFarland, of Newcastle University in the UK, led an experimental study that would reduce and potentially eliminate the risk of mitochondrial disease with a new method of in vitro fertilization. McFarland and his research team wanted see if removing the nucleus of an egg and placing it in a donor egg with viable mitochondria would result in healthy offspring.
'We found that pronuclear transfer, a form of mitochondrial donation, was effective in reducing the level of pathogenic mtDNA variant to substantially below the threshold for clinical disease in the offspring of women with homoplasmic (or high heteroplasmic) levels,' he said in a study recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
When mitochondria are homoplasmic, all copies produced by cell division have mutations. Mutation levels vary in heteroplasmic mitochondria. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can screen for these abonormalities, and women with homoplasmy or high levels of heteroplasmy can benefit from what is now known as pronuclear transfer. This involves eggs from both the mother and donor being fertilized with the father's sperm in vitro. Nuclei are then removed from both eggs after ten hours. Since the nucleus carries most genetic material and has no connection to mitochondrial disease, the mother's nucleus is implanted into the donor egg to take advantage of its mitochondria.
While there is a chance that a few of the mother's mitochondria may end up in the embryo, it is unlikely to cause a debilitating disease. Levels of defective mitochondria in offspring conceived via pronuclear transfer were low enough to escape that fate. Eight pregnancies (including a set of twins) resulted from the experiment, and while there were a few minor health problems in the newborns, these were either treatable or corrected themselves. Not only were levels of heteroplasty low for the babies, but undetectable in five of them. Developmental progress also turned out to be normal.
Though one baby had a form of infant epilepsy, and another had heart arrhythmia and hyperlipidemia, or high levels of fats and lipids in the blood, both of these conditions were treated and resolved. Whether the hyperlipidemia was even caused by mtDNA is uncertain, especially because the mother also had severe hyperlipidemia during her pregnancy. Though there was a chance that any of the mothers with pathogenic mtDNA had a higher risk of complications during pregnancy, which could possibly cause their children to have health issues, there is no proof for now.
'We are assessing, over the long term, the health and extent of heteroplasmy (if detectable) of the offspring,' McFarland and his team said. 'Indeed, the role of mitochondrial donation as a choice for women with a heritable pathogenic mtDNA variant will only be established with the availability of additional data.'
You Might Also Like
Can Apple Cider Vinegar Lead to Weight Loss?
Bobbi Brown Shares Her Top Face-Transforming Makeup Tips for Women Over 50
Solve the daily Crossword
Hashtags
Try Our AI Features
Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:
Comments
No comments yet...
Related Articles
Yahoo
5 hours ago
- Yahoo
4 Yoga Poses That Helped Me Manage Menopause (and Why I Still Practice Them at 61)
Gentle yoga moves that ease brain fog, fatigue, and stress during menopause. My menopause journey began at 51, the same year I found my way back to the yoga mat. Most of my life, I was drawn to high-energy movement like running, dancing, and swimming. I craved the endorphin rush that came with pushing my body. But when peri-menopause hit, I started experiencing symptoms like hot flashes, mood swings, and crushing fatigue. My body, mind, and spirit were asking for something different. That's when yoga became more than just movement. It became medicine. At 61, I'm an RYT-500 certified yoga teacher, and I still practice yoga regularly. Not just the poses, but the philosophy. I've found that the combination of yin, vinyasa, restorative, hatha, yoga nidra, and even a bit of humor from my husband and photographer helps me meet post-menopause with more grace, strength, and self-compassion. Here are four yoga poses I keep coming back to, and how they continue to support me through the ongoing ups and downs of this stage of life. 1. Dolphin Pose (Ardha Pincha Mayurasana) One of the most frustrating symptoms of menopause for me has been 'menopause brain.' It feels a lot like pregnancy brain: forgetful, foggy, unfocused. Dolphin pose, like other inversions, sends blood to the brain, helping me feel more mentally alert and grounded. Plus, it stretches the hamstrings, strengthens the shoulders, and fires up the core. All are essential for balance, posture, and staying strong as we age. Caution: If you have high blood pressure, modify or skip inversions altogether. 2. Revolved Downward Dog (Parivrtta Adho Mukha Svanasana) This pose combines the benefits of a gentle inversion with the detoxifying power of a twist. It boosts circulation, especially to the brain, and helps with focus and clarity. It also gives the internal organs a 'massage,' which supports digestion. That slowed down for me during menopause. I love how this pose resets both my body and mind. 3. Reclining Pigeon (Eka Pada Raja Kapotasana, Supine Version) When Phil, my husband, snapped a photo of me in this pose and called it 'slug pose,' I couldn't stop laughing. It's not glamorous, but it's deeply healing. This version of pigeon pose helps release tension in my hips, especially after hours of sitting at the computer. It's also helped me recover from an old hip injury I got during a half-marathon in my 40s. On the emotional side, this pose is one of my go-tos for calming anxiety and mood swings. Forward-folding postures are incredibly soothing for the nervous system, and let's be honest, I'll take all the nervous system support I can get in menopause. Note: Be careful with this one if you have knee issues. Alternatives like figure four or thread-the-needle might be better for some bodies. 4. Reclining Twisted Roots (Supta Parivrtta Garudasana) This pose may not look like much, but it's one of my favorites. I love the standing version of eagle pose for building strength, but this reclining version is pure unwinding. I use a yin approach here, easing into the twist and holding it for several minutes while focusing on my breath. It helps settle my racing mind, calm my heart, and support digestion. All things that tend to go haywire during menopause. Done at the end of a yoga session or before bed, this pose helps bring balance back to my nervous system. Yoga has helped me navigate menopause for the past decade, and it continues to be one of my most reliable tools for relief. Whether you're in perimenopause, postmenopause, or somewhere in between, these poses may offer the grounding, clarity, and calm that your body and mind are asking for. Solve the daily Crossword
Yahoo
6 hours ago
- Yahoo
14 Things Boomers Say About Mental Health That Are Quietly Damaging
When it comes to mental health, there's a noticeable divide between generations. While millennials and Gen Z are more open and proactive about discussing mental health, boomers often come with a set of outdated phrases that can unintentionally do more harm than good. Maybe you've heard one or two of these before from a well-meaning family member, or perhaps you've said them yourself. Either way, it's important to recognize the impact these statements can have. Here are 14 common things boomers say about mental health that don't quite hit the mark and why we should think twice before repeating them. 1. "It's All In Your Head." This phrase is often used to dismiss feelings or mental health struggles as imaginary or insignificant. While mental health is indeed in your head, in the sense that it's related to brain function, that doesn't make it any less real or important. The brain is a complex organ, and mental health issues can be as debilitating as physical ailments. According to research published in the journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, mental health disorders can have physical manifestations, affecting the body in various ways. By saying "it's all in your head," the person inadvertently minimizes the real challenges of living with mental illness. Hearing this can make someone feel like their struggles are being trivialized or not taken seriously. It implicitly suggests that if the problem is "just in your head," you should be able to simply think your way out of it, which isn't how mental health works. This can lead to feelings of guilt or inadequacy when someone can't just "snap out of it." Encouraging people to seek help rather than dismissing their feelings is far more productive. Acknowledging mental health as a valid concern is crucial for healing and understanding. 2. "Just Toughen Up." The idea of "toughening up" stems from a time when emotions were often seen as a weakness to be conquered. However, this mindset can be severely damaging. It implies that experiencing emotions or mental health challenges is a failure of character rather than a natural part of being human. This phrase can discourage people from acknowledging their feelings and seeking help. It suggests that resilience means hiding your struggles instead of facing and managing them. For someone dealing with mental health issues, hearing "just toughen up" can feel like a slap in the face. It dismisses the courage it takes to confront mental health challenges. Everyone has different coping mechanisms and resilience levels, and telling someone to just toughen up ignores these individual differences. It can make someone feel alone, as if their struggles are a sign of weakness that they must hide. Instead, fostering an environment where vulnerability is seen as a strength can encourage people to seek the help they need. 3. "Back In My Day, We Didn't Have Anxiety." Boomers often reminisce about "simpler times," but this statement overlooks the fact that mental health issues have always existed. The difference now is that we're better at recognizing and diagnosing these issues. Studies have shown that anxiety and depression rates have been consistent throughout history but were often misunderstood or misdiagnosed. Just because mental health wasn't discussed as openly doesn't mean it wasn't there. Dismissing current mental health issues by romanticizing the past doesn't help anyone. Saying "back in my day, we didn't have anxiety" ignores the progress society has made in understanding mental health. It can make those struggling feel like their issues are a modern invention or trend rather than genuine health concerns. This mindset can lead to a reluctance to accept mental health as a serious issue that warrants attention and treatment. Opening up the conversation about how mental health might have been handled in the past versus now can create understanding across generations. Recognizing the progress in mental health awareness is vital for continued growth and acceptance. 4. "You Just Need To Get Out More." On the surface, suggesting someone get out more might seem like helpful advice, but it's often not that simple. While exercise and fresh air can be beneficial, they aren't cures for mental health disorders. Assuming that going outside will solve someone's mental health issues oversimplifies the complexities of these conditions. It also places the burden on the individual to "fix" themselves through sheer willpower. This can make someone feel like they're not trying hard enough if they don't see improvement. For someone experiencing mental health challenges, hearing "you just need to get out more" can come off as dismissive. It ignores the internal battles they might be facing, which can't be alleviated by a simple walk in the park. Mental health care often requires a multifaceted approach, including therapy, medication, or other treatments. While lifestyle changes can support mental health, they shouldn't be presented as the sole solution. Encouraging professional help and ongoing support is a more productive approach. 5. "You're Just Being Dramatic." Labeling someone as dramatic when they express mental health concerns dismisses their feelings. It suggests that their emotions are exaggerated or not genuine, which can be incredibly harmful. This mindset can lead to a person feeling invalidated, heightening feelings of isolation and shame. According to psychologist Dr. Susan David, emotions are data, not directives, meaning they provide information about our experiences and shouldn't be dismissed as mere drama. Recognizing emotions as valid responses to life events is crucial for mental well-being. Hearing "you're just being dramatic" can make someone question their perceptions and emotions. It can lead them to internalize the belief that their feelings aren't important or worthy of attention. This can discourage them from seeking help or talking about their experiences, which is the opposite of what they need. Creating a safe space where emotions can be expressed without judgment is essential for mental health support. Validating experiences rather than labeling them as dramatic fosters better understanding and healing. 6. "Snap Out Of It." The phrase "snap out of it" suggests that mental health issues are a choice or a temporary mood that can be easily shaken off. This is far from the truth; mental health conditions are complex and often require professional intervention. Telling someone to snap out of it minimizes the real struggle they face daily. It implies that they're choosing to feel this way and can just as easily choose not to. This perspective is not only unhelpful but can be damaging to someone's mental health journey. For someone who is already feeling overwhelmed, hearing "snap out of it" can add to their distress. It can cause self-doubt and lead them to question why they can't just change how they feel. Mental health issues aren't temporary bad moods that can be wished away. They require understanding, patience, and often, professional help. Encouraging someone to seek therapy or talk about their feelings is a far more supportive approach. 7. "You're Fine, Stop Worrying." Telling someone they're fine as a way to address their concerns can come off as dismissive. While this might be intended as reassurance, it doesn't acknowledge what the person is experiencing. According to a study published by Clinical Psychology Review, validation and acknowledgment are key components in supporting those with anxiety. Simply telling someone to stop worrying disregards the valid emotions they're experiencing. Recognizing their feelings and offering genuine support is more effective. When someone is told "you're fine, stop worrying," they might feel like their concerns are being overlooked. This can lead to frustration and a sense of isolation, as their feelings aren't being taken seriously. It might also discourage them from speaking up about their concerns in the future. Acknowledging someone's worries and discussing coping strategies can help them feel supported and less alone. Understanding and empathy go a long way in supporting mental health. 8. "Everyone Has Problems." While it's true that everyone faces challenges, this statement can trivialize individual mental health struggles. It implies that because everyone has problems, one should just deal with their own without seeking help. This mindset can discourage people from opening up about their mental health needs. The reality is that everyone's experiences are different, and comparing them can lead to misunderstanding and lack of support. Each person's mental health journey is unique and deserves attention and care. Hearing "everyone has problems" can make someone feel like their issues aren't worthy of attention. It can foster a sense of shame or guilt for wanting or needing help. This perspective can prevent people from seeking the support they need, as they might feel like they're overreacting. Acknowledging that while everyone has problems, each person's situation is unique can create space for understanding. Encouraging open discussions about individual experiences is key to better mental health support. 9. "Therapy Is For Crazy People." This outdated stereotype about therapy is not only inaccurate but also harmful. Therapy is a tool for anyone looking to understand themselves better or needing support, not just for those with severe mental illness. Characterizing therapy in this way can prevent people from seeking the help they need. It reinforces the stigma around mental health and getting professional help. Therapy should be seen as a resource for growth and healing, not as a last resort for those labeled as "crazy." For someone considering therapy, hearing "therapy is for crazy people" can reinforce negative stereotypes. It can lead them to question the validity of their own need for support. This mindset can result in people delaying or avoiding the help that could benefit them greatly. Promoting therapy as a positive and proactive choice can help break down these harmful stereotypes. Encouraging an open dialogue about the benefits of therapy can make it more accessible and less stigmatized. 10. "Just Pray About It." While faith and spirituality can be important components of mental well-being for many people, they aren't substitutes for professional mental health care. Telling someone to "just pray about it" can dismiss the need for other forms of treatment. This phrase suggests that prayer alone can resolve mental health issues, which isn't the case for everyone. Combining faith with therapy or other treatments can be more effective. It's important to respect each person's approach to mental health and offer support beyond religious advice. For individuals struggling with mental health, "just pray about it" might feel like their struggles are being minimized. It can make them feel guilty if prayer doesn't bring the relief they're seeking. Mental health issues often require a multifaceted approach, including spiritual, medical, and therapeutic support. Encouraging people to explore various avenues for healing respects their journey and needs. Supporting someone in finding the right combination of treatments is more helpful than suggesting prayer as a sole solution. 11. "You're Just Lazy." Connecting mental health struggles to laziness is a harmful misconception. Mental health issues can impact energy levels, motivation, and daily functioning, but this isn't due to laziness. Labeling someone as lazy can add to the shame and guilt they might already be feeling. It overlooks the real challenges that come with mental health conditions. Understanding that mental health issues can affect someone's ability to function is crucial for offering support. Hearing "you're just lazy" can be incredibly invalidating for someone dealing with mental health issues. It discounts their efforts to manage their condition and can discourage them from seeking help. This mindset can lead to feelings of inadequacy and self-criticism. Recognizing the difference between laziness and the effects of mental health issues is important for providing appropriate support. Encouraging empathy and understanding over judgment fosters a supportive environment. 12. "It's Just A Phase." Describing mental health struggles as "just a phase" minimizes the person's experiences and challenges. It suggests that their feelings and behaviors are temporary and will naturally resolve, which isn't always the case. Many mental health conditions require ongoing management and support. This phrase can discourage people from seeking help, as it implies their issues aren't serious. Accepting that mental health isn't always a passing phase is crucial for effective support. For someone experiencing mental health challenges, being told "it's just a phase" can be disheartening. It can make them feel misunderstood and dismissed. This mindset might prevent them from acknowledging the seriousness of their condition and pursuing necessary treatment. Recognizing that mental health issues can be ongoing and require professional help is vital. Supporting someone in getting the help they need rather than dismissing their struggles as temporary can make a significant difference. 13. "You're Overthinking It." While overthinking can be a component of anxiety, reducing someone's mental health struggle to overthinking is dismissive. It implies that the solution is as simple as thinking less, which oversimplifies the complexity of mental health issues. This mindset can discourage people from expressing their feelings or seeking help. It suggests that their struggles are self-imposed and easily controlled. Understanding that mental health is more than overthinking is important for providing real support. For someone dealing with mental health challenges, being told "you're overthinking it" can feel invalidating. It can make them question the legitimacy of their emotions and experiences. This can prevent them from reaching out for help or discussing their situation further. Recognizing that mental health is more nuanced than just overthinking is crucial for offering genuine support. Encouraging open conversation and understanding can help those struggling feel less alone. 14. "You'll Get Over It." The phrase "you'll get over it" implies that mental health struggles are something one can simply move past with time. While time can help with healing, it isn't a cure-all for mental health issues. This statement can be dismissive and invalidate the person's current experiences and challenges. Mental health often requires active management and support, not just waiting it out. Acknowledging the need for ongoing support and treatment is important for effective mental health care. Hearing "you'll get over it" can be discouraging for someone dealing with mental health issues. It can make them feel like their struggles are transient and unimportant. This mindset might prevent them from seeking the help they need, as it downplays the seriousness of their condition. Understanding that mental health is a complex issue that requires attention and care is essential. Offering empathy and support instead of dismissal can make a significant difference in someone's mental health journey. Solve the daily Crossword
Yahoo
7 hours ago
- Yahoo
Mind-Blowing Discovery: Peacocks Have Lasers In Their Tails
Sharks with frickin' lasers are tired news. Peacocks, apparently, are where it's truly at. Famous for their dazzling iridescence, peacock feathers are known to contain nanostructures that scatter light in ways that make their plumage shimmer in hues of blue and green. Applying a special dye to multiple areas on a peacock's tail, researchers from Florida Polytechnic University and Youngstown State University in the US went on the hunt for structures that may emit a very different signature glow. In a mind-blowing first for the animal kingdom, they discovered the eyespots on the fowl's fabulous feathers have unique properties that align light waves by bouncing them back and forth, effectively turning them into yellow-green lasers. Related: The word laser itself is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Shine a light on atoms in certain materials, such as certain dyes or crystals, and they'll collectively excite one another into releasing a flood of photons. This kind of light amplification isn't rare in nature, attracting the attention of researchers who are interested in developing biological lasers. To become a bona fide laser beam, however, the buildup of stimulated waves must be neatly aligned so their phases march in step. One way to achieve this is to reflect the waves back and forth in a confined space known as an optical cavity. The researchers found evidence of optical cavities in the form of resonating nanostructures in different parts of the eyespot, all faintly emitting two different wavelengths: green and yellow/orange. Exactly what kind of structure is responsible for aligning the amplified light at these colors isn't clear. But the fact they are found across the feather, all emitting the same precise wavelengths in a signature fashion, is a sign that something strange is at work. Identifying the physical properties of these resonators could lead to advances in laser technology, or provide biologists with a new tool for analyzing living materials. As for the peacocks, we can only guess why evolution built lasers into their stunningly iridescent plumage. Given how biologists are quickly coming to terms with the way animals fluoresce and shine in patterns and colors beyond our perception, it may be for displays that other peacocks are well adapted to see. Perhaps sharks with lasers aren't such a terrible idea after all. This research was published in Scientific Reports. Related News World's Longest Lightning Strike Crossed 515 Miles From Texas to Kansas Stunning New Video Reveals Deepest-Known Undersea Life Forms How a Giant Earthquake Triggered a Surprisingly Small Tsunami Solve the daily Crossword
