Coexisting ancestors: Fossil teeth in Ethiopia reveal early Homo and Australopithecus coexisted 2.6 million years ago, reshaping understanding of human evolution
The scientists discovered in the Ledi-Geraru research project area of north-eastern Ethiopia's Afar Region 10 teeth — six molars, two incisors, one premolar and one canine — that they concluded belonged to a new Australopithecus species. The teeth came from two individuals.
Until now, six species of the genus Australopithecus, an important early human ancestor that displayed a mix of ape-like and human-like traits, were known from fossils at various African sites. The researchers said the newly found teeth bore traits indicating they belonged to a seventh species.
A genus is a group of closely related species that share similar characteristics. For example, lions and tigers are from the same genus but represent different species.
The scientists also discovered three other teeth dating to 2.59 million years ago that had traits showing they belonged to the oldest-known species of Homo, one that was first revealed by a jawbone unearthed in the same vicinity in 2013.
Scientists have not yet assigned names to the Australopithecus and Homo species represented by these 13 teeth because of the incomplete nature of the fossil remains. Our species Homo sapiens is the most recent member of the Homo genus, first appearing roughly 300,000 years ago in Africa before later spreading worldwide.
The new dental fossils provide insight into a poorly understood period in human evolution. The close age of the teeth suggests that this newly identified Australopithecus species coexisted in this region with the early Homo species, raising questions about whether they competed for the same resources.
The teeth also indicate that there were four hominins — as species in the human evolutionary lineage are known — that inhabited East Africa at the time. Previous fossils showed that another Australopithecus species and a species of Paranthropus, a hominin possessing a specialised skull adapted for heavy chewing, lived in East Africa during this time. An additional Australopithecus species also inhabited southern Africa, bringing the number of hominins then on the continent to five.
The presence of these contemporaneous hominins illustrates the complicated nature of the human evolutionary process.
'This reinforces the idea that the story of human evolution is not of a single lineage changing slowly through time,' said University of Nevada, Las Vegas paleoanthropologist Brian Villmoare, lead author of the research published yesterday in the journal Nature.
'Rather, the pattern of human evolution is similar to that of other organisms, repeatedly branching into multiple species throughout the fossil record, many of whom lived at the same time,' Villmoare added.
The researchers are seeking clues about the nature of any interaction between the Australopithecus and Homo species represented by the 13 teeth.
'We are currently analysing teeth to see if we can tell if they ate the same thing,' said Arizona State University paleoecologist and project co-director Kaye Reed.
Scientists scour the landscape for fossils in the Ledi-Geraru paleoanthropological research area in the Afar Region of northeastern Ethiopia, in this undated handout picture released on August 13, 2025. Thirteen tooth fossils of the genus Homo and the genus Australopithecus unearthed in this area shed new light on human evolution. — Kaye Reed, Arizona State University handout pic via Reuters
If so, they may have fought over resources, Reed said. Crude stone tools dating to about the same time were previously discovered nearby, Reed said, probably made by the Homo species.
The researchers determined the age of the teeth using a technique that dated feldspar crystals contained in volcanic ash in the sediments where they were discovered based on radioactive decay of the element argon.
The Afar Region, one of Earth's hottest and lowest places, is an arid expanse of badlands. But at the time of these species, rivers flowed across a vegetated landscape into shallow lakes in a landscape populated by a splendid array of animals. These included giraffes, horses, pigs, elephants, hippos and antelopes as well as predators such as sabre-toothed cats and hyenas.
Homo is generally thought to have descended from a species of Australopithecus, though the exact species and the timing have been a matter of debate. Australopithecus eventually died out.
Australopithecus includes the famous fossil Lucy, who was a member of the species Australopithecus afarensis who lived approximately 3.18 million years ago. Lucy's remains were discovered in 1974, also in the Afar Region. The newly discovered teeth had characteristics that showed they did not belong to Lucy's species, the researchers said.
'This new Australopithecus species is in no way some 'missing link,' and we actually don't think that it was necessarily ancestral to any known species,' Villmoare said.
'Species arose and many went extinct,' Reed said. 'Each find is a piece of the puzzle that puts human evolution into a twiggy tree, rather than a linear graphic.' — Reuters
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