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Opinion Express View: Government's decision to hold caste census is very welcome

Opinion Express View: Government's decision to hold caste census is very welcome

Indian Express02-05-2025

The Narendra Modi government's decision to hold a caste census with the next population Census is a turning point and a milestone. In a sense, it is the state catching up with the lived socioeconomic and political reality. Caste shapes hierarchy and discrimination, culture and belonging. It plays a role in structuring opportunity and social mobility. It influences choices and trajectories, from education to employment, and rituals of birth, death and marriage. Political parties have long recognised the power of caste as a mobilisational tool and category. And in 1990, with the acceptance of the recommendations of the Mandal Commission Report, the central government acknowledged and affirmed what different state governments across the country had already responded to — the upsurge of the middle castes or Other Backward Classes, and their demand for a more equitable participation and representation. The Mandal moment made job and education quotas the centrepiece of affirmative action policies for OBCs at the Centre, but at the same time, it also inaugurated a long period of dissonance — after all, the government was framing caste-based policy without the empirical data on caste that is necessary for evidence-driven policy. That this glaring gap is now set to be filled is much-needed and enormously welcome.
The demand for the caste census has been central to the agenda of Congress, and more specifically Rahul Gandhi, for at least two years now. It was first heard prominently in the Karnataka assembly election in 2023, and it dominated the Lok Sabha poll campaign the following year. The Modi government's Wednesday announcement can, therefore, be read as a vindication of its main opponent's plank, and as a bid to wrest it. It is also a turnaround for a party whose leader said only recently that he recognises only four castes — women, the poor, youth and farmers. By all accounts, ever since Mandal became a political force in the 1990s, rearranging the national political lexicon and giving rise to new caste-based parties, the politics of Mandir was seen as the political counter to it. The project of Hindutva consolidation, went the argument, was threatened by the caste-centric framework. It soon became apparent, though, that the lines were shifting, and that the binary was not tidy. Over the years, even as the original votaries of 'social justice' let their political platform become faded and frayed — Congress, a late convert, has sounded more insistent than credible in its demands for the caste census — the BJP has proved to be agile in criss-crossing the political-ideological fence, and in planting its flag on the other side. Its decision on the caste census now puts its imprimatur on a politics that it opposed to begin with, was awkward with for some time, and then purposefully worked to make its own.
There is work to be done after the caste census announcement. The design of the questionnaire will be consequential, and there will be the task of connecting the dots between the data and government policy. The caste census will also pave the way for the delimitation exercise — the OBC numbers and the gaps they point to may blunt the north-south faultline — and the implementation of women's reservation in Parliament. It may lead to demands for extending quotas, and for removing the Supreme Court-mandated cap of 50 per cent reservation. There are challenges ahead, but the fact that caste will finally be counted provides a robust, data-driven basis for policy and politics.

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UPSC Key: National Emergency, Women's Reservation Bill and CPI inflation
UPSC Key: National Emergency, Women's Reservation Bill and CPI inflation

Indian Express

time13 minutes ago

  • Indian Express

UPSC Key: National Emergency, Women's Reservation Bill and CPI inflation

Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for June 12, 2025. If you missed the June 11, 2025 UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here FRONT PAGE Echoes from Courtroom No. 24: Verdict unseated PM, she struck back at nation Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: History of India Main Examination: General Studies II: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. What's the ongoing story: On June 12, 1975, the ruling by Justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha of Allahabad High Court set aside Indira Gandhi's 1971 election, triggering a chain of events that led to the imposition of Emergency. Key Points to Ponder: • What is an Emergency? • Emergency 1975-what you know so far? • What are the emergency provisions in the Constitution of India? • Which type of Emergency was imposed in 1975? • Reason behind Emergency 1975-know in detail • What were the Impacts of imposing National Emergency in 1975? • Who was the judge who delivered the verdict against Indira Gandhi in the 1975 election case? • Who was the President of India during the declaration of Emergency in 1975? • Which fundamental rights was most curtailed during the Emergency? • Evaluate the role of the judiciary during the Emergency, particularly in the ADM Jabalpur case. • Do you agree that the 44th Amendment Act was a corrective measure to restore constitutional balance post-Emergency? Key Takeaways: • At 10 am on June 12, 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha reached Courtroom Number 24 of the Allahabad High Court and took his seat in the jam-packed courtroom. And then, he pronounced a judgment that would go on to have epochal consequences for then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi — and India. • Allowing the petition of Raj Narain, who, following his loss to Indira Gandhi in the 1971 election, had moved court alleging electoral malpractices by the Prime Minister, Justice Sinha said, 'This petition is allowed and the election of Smt. Indira Nehru Gandhi, Respondent No. 1, to the Lok Sabha is declared void… (Indira Gandhi) accordingly stands disqualified for a period of six years from the date of this order.' • For the first time in the history of independent India, a Prime Minister's election had been set aside. Months earlier, the courtroom had witnessed another first — the Prime Minister being cross-examined for two consecutive days. • Justice Sinha then signed on the order, one that would set off a spiral of events that culminated in Indira Gandhi invoking Constitutional provisions to impose an internal Emergency – a 21-month period that witnessed an unprecedented suspension of fundamental rights and the suppression of dissent across the country. • It was on April 24, 1971, that Raj Narain, a socialist who lost the Rae Bareli Lok Sabha seat to Indira Gandhi that year as a joint Opposition candidate of the Samyukta Socialist Party, challenged the election result alleging electoral malpractices and misuse of government machinery by the then Prime Minister. When the petition was filed, no one gave it a chance. • n his book The Case That Shook India: The Verdict That Led to the Emergency, Prashant Bhushan, whose father Shanti Bhushan was counsel for Raj Narain and later became Union Law Minister, wrote of the many pressures Justice Sinha faced after May 23, when the arguments were wrapped up and the verdict awaited. Do You Know: • The Emergency refers to the period from June 25, 1975 to March 21, 1977, during which the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi used special provisions in the Constitution to impose sweeping executive and legislative consequences on the country. • The declaration of Emergency converts the federal structure into a de facto unitary one, as the Union acquires the right to give any direction to state governments, which, though not suspended, come under the complete control of the Centre. • Parliament may by law extend the (five-year) term of Lok Sabha one year at a time, make laws on subjects in the State List, and extend the Union's executive powers to the states. The President can modify, with parliamentary approval, constitutional provisions on the allocation of financial resources between the Union and states. • Under Article 352 of the Constitution, the President may, on the advice of the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister, issue a proclamation of emergency if the security of India or any part of the country is threatened by 'war or external aggression or armed rebellion'. • In 1975, instead of armed rebellion, the ground of 'internal disturbance' was available to the government to proclaim an emergency. In its press note, the government said certain persons were inciting the police and armed forces to not discharge their duties — an apparent reference to Jayaprakash Narayan's call to police not to follow orders that were 'immoral'. • This was the only instance of proclamation of emergency due to 'internal disturbance'. The two occasions in which an emergency was proclaimed earlier, on October 26, 1962, and December 3, 1971, were both on grounds of war. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Explained: The story of the Emergency Previous year UPSC Main Question Covering similar theme: 📍Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (2018) Govt looks at reservation for women in next LS elections Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc Mains Examination: • General Studies I: Role of women and women's organization • General Studies II: Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these. What's the ongoing story: The Modi government intends to roll out reservation of seats for women, which is linked to the delimitation exercise, in the 2029 Lok Sabha elections, highly placed sources said Wednesday. Key Points to Ponder: • The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023-Know key provisions • The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023 seeks to reserve how many seats for women? • Will the reservation of seats be permanent or limited to a set time period? • What are the issues and challenges with the bill? • Quota within Quota and Women's Reservation Bill-Connect the dots • What Global Gender Gap Report says about women Political Empowerment in India? • What is the current state of women's representation in politics in India? • Why is women's participation in politics important? • Why delimitation is required for the implementation of women reservation? • 'Thirty-three percent Women's reservation together with gender budgeting can be very crucial to India's future progress towards gender equality'-Comment • If you can recall, addressing the nation from the ramparts of Red Fort on the 76th Independence Day, the Prime Minister called for a resolve to respect women- How 'resolve to respect women' will be implemented? Do you think 'respecting women' comes under policy or it should be in one's behaviour? • Women power's or women's empowerment? • Why after 75 years of Independence, India is still talking about women's power and women's empowerment? • What are basic issues and challenges which impedes women in India to be empowered? • Why women's empowerment is male driven? Key Takeaways: • Official sources said the government is targeting implementation of the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam that reserves one-third of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies in the next election. • According to the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, passed in September 2023, reservation of one-third of seats for women in Lok Sabha and state Assemblies shall come into effect after an exercise of delimitation is undertaken based on figures from the first Census that is conducted after the enactment of the Act. • Earlier this month, the government announced that the process of data collection for the Census, along with caste enumeration, would commence next year and offer a snapshot of the country's population as on March 1, 2027. • For women's reservation to become a reality in the next Lok Sabha elections, delimitation will have to be completed well in time for the Election Commission of India to conduct the 2029 polls on the basis of the new delimitation of constituencies. • Government sources claimed that the Census data will be available faster than the previous time with the advancement of technology – the enumeration will be conducted digitally using mobile applications for data collection and a central portal to collate the details and manage it. • The Census data is significant for delimitation because the process of readjusting the seats of Lok Sabha and state Assemblies and redrawing their territorial boundaries is expected to be launched once the data is available. • For delimitation to happen after the next Census, Parliament will have to pass a Delimitation Act, which will constitute a Delimitation Commission for the exercise that is likely to lead to an increase in Lok Sabha seats. Article 82 of the Constitution mandates readjustment of seats after every Census. Do You Know: • The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty Eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, links women's reservation to the contentious delimitation process. It states that women's reservation 'shall come into effect after an exercise of delimitation is undertaken for this purpose after the relevant figures for the first Census taken after the commencement of…' this Bill. • Article 82 of the Constitution provides for the readjustment of the constituencies (number and boundaries) of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies after every Census. • The 42nd Amendment froze this delimitation exercise until the first Census after 2000 is published. In 2001, this was further extended for 25 years. So now, delimitation would happen on the results of the first Census after 2026. • In normal course, this would have meant that delimitation would happen only after the 2031 Census results are published. But since the Census which was due in 2021 – the exercise is held every 10 years – has been delayed, ostensibly because of the Covid pandemic, this timeline could be altered. • The earliest that the Census exercise can now happen is 2025 – houselisting in 2024 followed by the actual Census and the publication would take one to two years. If the results of the '2021 Census' are published after 2026, this could become the basis of delimitation of constituencies. • The Census will be followed by the delimitation exercise which requires more amendments to the Constitution. Articles 82 and 170 (3) that deal with composition of the Legislative Assemblies would have to be amended, said S K Mendiratta, former legal advisor, Election Commission of India. • As of now, the reallocation of seats in Lok Sabha and readjustment of seats in State Assemblies are to be done when 'relevant figures for the first Census taken after the year (2026) have been published'. Mendiratta said this timeline (2026) would have to be changed to give effect to women's reservation. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Salute the women who fought 📍Express View on women's reservation Bill: Welcome, women Previous year UPSC Main Question Covering similar theme: 📍'The reservation of seats for women in the institution of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian political process'. Comment. (GS2, 2019) 📍Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women's organization free from gender bias. Comment. (GS1, 2013) Feared extinct in Valley, rare sighting revives hope of Eurasian otter's comeback Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance. Main Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment What's the ongoing story: For three decades, the Eurasian otter, once an integral part of Kashmir's aquatic ecosystem, was thought to be extinct in the Valley. However, a rare sighting of the semi-aquatic mammal has now been reported in south Kashmir Key Points to Ponder: • Eurasian Otter-Know in brief • What is the IUCN status of the Eurasian otter? • Is Eurasian otter found in India? • 'The Eurasian otter, once an integral part of Kashmir's aquatic ecosystem, has now been reported in south Kashmir'- What does this symbolise? • Discuss the ecological significance of Eurasian otters and the importance of their conservation in India. • What are the reasons for the decline in Eurasian otter populations? Key Takeaways: • The otter, which has been globally classified as 'near threatened' by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), was spotted in the Lidder River in Srigufwara, south Kashmir. • While villagers initially thought it was a crocodile, wildlife officials identified it as an Eurasian otter after watching videos captured by the villagers. That was later confirmed through photographic evidence. • 'It has been confirmed as Eurasian otter,' Suhail Ahmad Wagar, the Wildlife Warden for south Kashmir, told The Indian Express. 'After it was reported, we set up CCTV surveillance, and we have captured it (on camera) at a few places.' Do You Know: • The Eurasian otter, locally known as Vuder, was an integral part of Kashmir's aquatic ecosystem and was abundantly found in the water bodies. Its presence was used to scare the children and keep them away from the water bodies. However, over the last three decades, it was not spotted in the water bodies of the Valley, and it was thought to be extinct in Kashmir. • The sudden decline in otters, a carnivorous mammal that feeds on fish and other aquatic fauna, was attributed to increased water pollution and hunting of the mammal for its fur. • Wildlife officials say that this is the third occasion this year that it has been spotted in the Valley. 'In May, it was first spotted in the Gurez valley,' Wagay said. 'It was also spotted in Heerpora (in south Kashmir's Shopian district).' • Wildlife officials say that the sighting of the mammal is encouraging and could help restore Kashmir's aquatic ecology. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Eurasian otter spotted in STR and Kanha-Pench corridor EXPRESS NETWORK Railway safety body gives final nod for Mizoram capital's first rail link Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance. Main Examination: General Studies III: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc. What's the ongoing story: The Commission of Railway Safety (CRS) has authorised operations on the railway line from Hortoki to Sairang in Mizoram, the final clearance for a key stretch that will connect state capital Aizawl by rail for the first time. Key Points to Ponder: • What is north eastern railway connectivity project in India? • How many North-eastern state capitals are connected to the national railway network? • Know the strategic and economic significance of connecting Aizawl to the national railway network via the Bairabi–Sairang line. • What are the challenges faced during the construction of the Bairabi–Sairang railway project? • How PM Gati Shakti initiative helped in transforming infrastructure in the North-eastern region of India? • Know the potential benefits of the Bairabi–Sairang railway line in promoting tourism in Mizoram. Key Takeaways: • The Hortoki-Sairang line is the last leg of the larger 51.38-km Bairabi-Sairang rail project. • Sairang is a satellite town of Aizawl, around 20 km from the city. Bairabi in Kolasib district, near the border with Assam, has so far been the only railhead in Mizoram. The inspection by the CRS, a railway safety audit body under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, is the final step before train operations commence. • A senior official of the Ministry of Railways said the 33.86-km Hortoki-Sairang stretch was inspected by Sumeet Singhal, Commissioner of Railway Safety (CRS), Northeast Frontier Circle, between June 6 to June 10. The formal inauguration of the full Bairabi-Sairang line will likely take place this month. • So far, trains have entered only up to 1.5 km in Mizoram. They have also not been running on the Bairabi to Hortoki section that was commissioned last year. With the commissioning of the final leg, Mizoram's capital is now integrated with the national railway network and trains are set to run on the complete stretch. • The 51.38-km Bairabi-Sairang New Line Railway Project comprises 48 tunnels (with a cumulative length of 12,853 metres), 55 major bridges and 87 minor bridges. The height of one of the bridges (bridge number 196) is 104 metres — which, for context, is 42 metres taller than the Qutub Minar. Do You Know: • The project also includes five road overbridges and 6 road under bridges. This project is divided into four sections: Bairabi-Hortoki, Hortoki- Kawnpui, Kawnpui-Mualkhang and Mualkhang-Sairang. • The Bairabi-Sairang project is part of a broader push by the Ministry of Railways to connect all northeast state capitals by rail. This involves numerous new line and doubling projects across Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur and Tripura. Rail work is yet to take off in Meghalaya over years of opposition by local groups. • According to data tabled by the Ministry of Railways in Lok Sabha on March 19 this year, overall, as of April 1, 2024, there were 18 railway projects (13 new line and 5 doubling) with a total length of 1,368 km and an estimated cost of `74,972 crore at various stages of planning and implementation in the northeast, including Assam. Of this, 313 km of track length has been commissioned. An expenditure of Rs 40,549 crore had been incurred up to March 2024. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Aizawl becomes fourth N-E capital with rail link, trial run successful Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme: 1. If you travel by road from Kohima to Kottayam, what is the minimum number of States within India through which you can travel, including the origin and the destination? (2017) (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 EXPLAINED Drone warfare & India Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance. Main Examination: General Studies II: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests What's the ongoing story: Ukraine's Operation Spider's Web and the recent India-Pakistan hostilities in the wake of Operation Sindoor underline the salience of drones — specifically ones sent out in swarms — in modern warfare. Relatively low-cost, low-tech drones pose significant challenges to traditional militaries, one which countries, including India, are racing to overcome Key Points to Ponder: • Ukraine's major drone strike on Russian military planes-what you about the same? • Why the recent Ukraine's major drone strike on Russian military planes is termed as Russia's Trojan horse moment? • What is a FPV drone? • Why the attack changes the rules of battlefield engagement? • What can be the strategic implications of Ukraine's Operation 'Spider's Web' on the dynamics of modern warfare? Key Takeaways: • Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) date back to World War II and the Korean War, where they were used for training anti-aircraft gunners and in specific offensive missions. Their modern military usage took off in the 1990s, after being successfully deployed in the Gulf War of 1991. • The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict of 2020 marked a turning point in drone warfare: Azerbaijan's use of Turkish Bayraktar TB2 and Israeli Harop drones devastated Armenian defences, decisively shifting the conflict's dynamics in favour of Baku. • Ukraine has notably used 'first-person view' (FPV) racing drones to target tanks, chase individual soldiers and small units, and, most notably, bomb Russian air bases. Do You Know: • Since 2020, India has ramped up its counter-drone infrastructure, deploying a layered defence that blends indigenous technology, EW, and air defence systems. Key systems include: —Akashteer Air Defence Control System: Developed by Bharat Electronics Ltd, it integrates with the Indian Air Force's integrated command network for real-time tracking; —Bhargavastra: Solar Defence and Aerospace Ltd's weapon system fires 64 micro-rockets in salvos to eliminate drone swarms; —DRDO's Anti-Drone System: It offers 360-degree radar coverage, with both jamming (soft kill) and laser (hard kill) capabilities. Drones can be detected up to 4 km away, and neutralised within a 1 km radius; and —Indrajaal: An AI-powered grid from a Hyderabad startup that combines jammers, spoofers, and intelligence to protect areas up to 4,000 sq km. Already deployed at naval sites in Gujarat and Karnataka. • During the May 2025 swarm attacks, the IAF activated its Integrated Counter-UAS Grid, alongside conventional radars, guns, and missiles, neutralising attempted strikes on 15 military bases and several urban targets. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Operation Sindoor | How India's air defence shield works: Inside the IACCS command system Why the Census 2027 is critical for India's economic growth & development Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc. Mains Examination: • General Studies I: population and associated issues • General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. What's the ongoing story: The Government of India has announced that the next Census will be conducted in two phases over 2026 and 2027. The effective date for which it will provide all the data will be March 1, 2027. Key Points to Ponder: • What is Census? • What kind of data is published in the Census? • What is the difference between Census, caste census and SECC? • What are the main objectives for conducting the next census? • How could the upcoming census affect political representation in various states? • What is the significance of delimitation in relation to Lok Sabha elections? • How might caste data collection impact future government policies? • What are some potential challenges in implementing caste-based data in the census? Key Takeaways: • India has undergone a Census once every decade since 1881; regardless of who ruled over the country and any calamity. However, the link was broken when India failed to conduct the Census for 2021 in the wake of the Covid pandemic. It is noteworthy that the delay in India's case — 6 years — is much longer than in most other countries (including India's neighbours such as Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). • Explaining the delay, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) spokesperson posted the following on X: 'Covid disrupted all sectors, including education. Around 30 lakh enumerators are needed for the Census and most of them are primary school teachers. Conducting the Census post-Covid could have disrupted primary education immensely.' • One, the caste census, or the collection of caste data along with all the other data. Two, the possible usage of Census 2027 data for the purposes of delimitation, which is essentially an exercise that will entail rebalancing the state-wise share of Lok Sabha seats based on population. Most of the southern states, which were more effective in population control over the past 50 years, stand to lose electoral representation relative to northern states, which failed to control their population growth as effectively. • At one level, the fact that caste and delimitation are heavily politicised, warn some demographers, may vitiate the quality and credibility of the Census data. This may happen as people attempt to tweak their answers on questions (such as caste and language etc.) in a manner that, in their view, suits their politics instead of providing an unbiased response capturing the reality. • The national Census provides the fundamental statistical basis for all other types of surveys and analysis in the country. The Census isn't just the complete enumeration of all Indians. Rather, it is as complete an image of India as possible, as it collects data on age, gender, family status, economic status, unemployment, language, education, disability, migration — the list is pretty long. • In other words, the Census is a reality check for the country — a look in the mirror without which a self-portrait is not possible. In providing all this information for each Indian, the Census not only tells the story of how India changed in the past 10 years — in this case, the past 16 years — but also gives clues to how it might change in the next decade. Do You Know: The Census forms the basis of all future surveys and policymaking. • Inflation control and Interest rates-To be sure, retail inflation rate captures the rate at which the general price level in the economy went up from one year to the next. This rate, in turn, is based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and how much it rose over the past year. The CPI is essentially a basket of goods and services that retail consumers 'consume'. The index allocates different weights to different goods and services and then maps how prices of these components move in a weighted fashion. Food articles, for instance, have a weight of 46% in the total index. This is another way of saying that 46% of all the money spent by a common Indian is spent on food items. • A Census — say Census 2011 — provides one clear image of India at one specific point in time. That distribution of people — quality of their lives, their economic status, their migration patterns etc. — provides the base for all future surveys such as the consumption survey for government or the many of the market surveys done by private companies trying to figure out whether there is going to be more demand for cars ( and if so, what kind of cars) in rural India in the next 5 to 10 years. • Migration, Urbanisation and Governance-Migration, for instance, is one of the least understood variables. Often, population projections are based on fertility (birth rate) and mortality (death rate) assumptions. But there is a third variable that can, and often does, change the population of a village, city or state — that's internal migration in the country. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍The Census of 1931 ECONOMY For first time in 6 years, CPI inflation likely to have fallen below 3% in May Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development Mains Examination: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment. What's the ongoing story: India's headline retail inflation rate may have fallen below 3 per cent for the first time in just over six years in May 2025, with food prices again expected to drive down the overall trajectory even though vegetables became somewhat more expensive last month compared to April 2025. Key Points to Ponder: • What is CPI inflation? • How is it calculated? • What are its components? • What does the data show? • What is the significance? • What is Inflation? • Know the Types of Inflation like Moderate Inflation, Galloping Inflation, Hyper-Inflation, Stagflation, Deflation, Core Inflation etc. • What are the causes of Inflation in the present situation • How Inflation is Measured in India? • What is the Long term, Medium Term and Short-term impact of Inflation? • New Standard for Measuring Inflation in India and Old Standard for Measuring Inflation-Key Differences • Steps or Measures Taken by GOI to Control Inflation • What do you understand by Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and Consumer Price Index? WPI and CPI is published by whom? • What's the RBI assessment on inflation recently? Key Takeaways: • Inflation based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), data for which will be released by the statistics ministry at 1600 IST on Thursday, was already at a multi-year low of 3.16 per cent in April 2025. • In May 2025, while some vegetables became dearer – potato and tomato prices rose 3 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively, from the previous month according to data from the Department of Consumer Affairs – prices of cereals and pulses cooled. The net effect, according to economists, was a decline in prices of essentials. Bank of Baroda's Essential Commodities Index, for instance, declined 0.6 per cent year-on-year last month – the first time the index has fallen since January 2019. • While the headline inflation rate is seen falling for the seventh month in a row in May 2025, core inflation – which measures the year-on-year price change for non-food-non-fuel items in the CPI basket – is seen edging up to around 4.2 per cent. • Core inflation, seen as an indicator of underlying demand pressures, has gradually risen since the middle of 2024, when it stood at 3.1 per cent. According to Nomura economists Aurodeep Nandi and Sonal Varma, the recent uptick in core CPI inflation should be looked through. • While the outlook for inflation is benign – the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) last week cut its forecast for the current fiscal by 30 basis points (bps) to 3.7 per cent – the pace with which prices of certain food items are falling is decreasing. According to Union Bank of India, vegetable prices possibly rose in May 2025 on a month-on-month basis after consistently falling for six months. 'On-the-ground prices of most food segments, though, continue to slide but the pace of correction is losing ground,' the bank's economists, led by Kanika Pasricha, said in a note. Do You Know: • The CPI inflation is nothing but the rate of inflation that consumers face. It is different from the major inflation indicator — the wholesale price index-based inflation rate. According to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), which releases the data, the consumer price index measures 'changes over time in general level of prices of a basket of selected goods and services that households acquire for the purpose of consumption'. At an all-India level, the current CPI basket comprises 299 items. • Apart from an aggregate index, consumer price indices are constructed for both rural and urban consumers as well. The 'base year' for the current series of indices is 2012. In other words, the price index is given a value of 100 for 2012 and changes from these price levels are then calculated to arrive at inflation rates for each good or service. • The CPI has six main components, each with differing weights and many more sub-components within them. The main components are—Food and beverages, Pan, tobacco and intoxicants, Clothing and footwear, Housing, Fuel and light and Miscellaneous (services such as education, health care etc.) • Among these, food articles currently weigh 45% of the total index. The second-biggest component is that of miscellaneous services. Within the food category, cereal prices are the biggest factor — they account for 9.67% of the total CPI. This means that a spike in prices of food articles like cereals, vegetables, milk and pulses tends to have the biggest impact in raising consumer inflation. And the reason why food articles have been given such a high weightage is that most Indian consumers tend to spend a considerable portion of their income towards meeting their food demand. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍What latest inflation data say PRELIMS ANSWER KEY 1.(b) For any queries and feedback, contact Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.

India has transformed under Modi's leadership: Ashok
India has transformed under Modi's leadership: Ashok

The Hindu

time20 minutes ago

  • The Hindu

India has transformed under Modi's leadership: Ashok

Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly R. Ashok has highlighted the 'transformative achievements' of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's 11-year tenure, while flayed the record of 10 years of the Congress-led UPA rule under Manmohan Singh. Addressing reporters in Mysuru on Thursday, Mr. Ashok claimed that India has reached new heights under the Modi government, and its GDP growth and infrastructure development have seen a three-fold jump compared to the progress achieved under the UPA regime. Highlighting India's rise on the global stage, Mr. Ashok said, 'We were once struggling for the 10th or 11th spot in the world economy. Today, we are the fourth largest, surpassing Japan and the U.K.', he said, adding that the country was once a bystander on the world stage but is now taken seriously. Citing economists and global institutions to back these claims, he said there was a period when India led a 'hand-to-mouth existence' and had to import food for sustenance. Now India was not only self-sufficient and exported food, but was also a major global supplier of medicines, Mr. Ashok said. India's resilience came to the fore during Covid-19 pandemic when the country became a lead vaccine exporter, he said. On national security, Mr. Ashok accused the Congress of inaction and alleged that there were 'over 9,000 terror incidents' during the UPA rule. Under the Modi government, the numbers had dropped drastically, and there was also a counter-response which was not the case under the UPA rule led by Dr. Singh, he said. Listing infrastructure gains, he said the number of medical colleges has more than doubled from 337 to 704, while the number of All India Institute of Medical Sciences has tripled from seven to 21. The number of airports has increased from 74 to 149, while the national highway length has increased from 90,000 km to 1.5 lakh km, he added. Mr. Ashok said the Modi government built 11 crore toilets and constructed four crore houses while 27 crore people have been lifted out of extreme poverty as stated by the World Bank report. On agricultural subsidies, he said it was ₹30,000 crore in 10 years of UPA regime under Dr. Singh while it is ₹1.27 lakh crore under the NDA-rule led by Mr. Modi. On Kashmir, Mr. Ashok said the abrogation of Article 370 has led to visible development and increased income from tourism, and while the BJP has vowed to stomp out Naxal violence, the Congress was apathetic towards it, he added. Addressing criticism from Chief Minister Siddaramaiah, who recently gave Mr. Modi a '0 out of 100' score, Mr. Ashok retorted, 'Mr. Siddaramaiah himself doesn't deserve even 0 – he scores negative. He is an outgoing Chief Minister, and the people have no expectations from him,' said Mr. Ashok, adding that not a single memorable irrigation project has been taken up by Mr. Siddaramaiah. MLA T.S. Srivatsa, former MP Pratap Simha and others were present.

Vijay Rupani: How the Rangoon-born came to lead Gujarat
Vijay Rupani: How the Rangoon-born came to lead Gujarat

India Today

time33 minutes ago

  • India Today

Vijay Rupani: How the Rangoon-born came to lead Gujarat

Former Gujarat Chief Minister Vijay Rupani was among those killed in the Air India crash in Ahmedabad on Thursday afternoon. The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, en route to London, went down just five minutes after take-off from Ahmedabad to the passenger list document accessed by India Today Digital, "Vijay Ramniklal Rupani" was listed as the 12th passenger on the list. He was travelling in Z class, which falls under the Business Class served as the chief minister of Gujarat from August 2016 to September 2021, before resigning ahead of the 2022 Assembly STUDENT LEADER TO GUJRAT CM: VIJAY RUPANI'S LIFE Born into a Jain-Bania family on August 2, 1956, in Rangoon (now Yangon), Myanmar, Rupani moved with his family to Rajkot, Gujarat, following political unrest in Myanmar. His father, Rasiklal, was a grain merchant leaves behind a rich political legacy. Rupani started his career as a student activist, associated with the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) while pursing his BA degree from Dharmendrasinhji Arts College, before joining the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and subsequently, the Jan Sangh in 1971. His ideological commitment was such that he remained associated with the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) since its establishment in debuted in electoral politics during the Rajkot Municipal Corporation polls in 1987. From being a corporator in Rajkot, he went on to become the city's mayor in 1996-97, and then a member of the Rajya Sabha from 2006 to 2012. Rupani's political career gained momentum in 2014 when Vajubhai Vala, a long-time representative of the Rajkot West constituency, vacated his seat upon becoming the Governor of Karnataka. A month later, the BJP then nominated Rupani for the by-election in October 2014, which he went on to win. Following this, he was soon inducted into the Anandiben Patel government as a cabinet also briefly served as Gujarat BJP president in 2016, before being sworn in as the 16th chief minister of Gujarat on August 7, 2016, succeeding Anandiben Saurashtra strongman was also imprisoned during the Emergency for around 11 months, and was reportedly sent to jails in Bhuj and Keshubhai Patel's tenure (1998-2001), Rupani was appointed chairman of the BJP's manifesto committee. He also had the strong backing of Narendra Modi, and played a key role in securing the party's impressive electoral performance in the politically-volatile Saurashtra members have reportedly said in the past that he had "a rare quality of keeping the workers happy and getting work done by the administration smoothly".In 2014, Rupani reportedly played a crucial role in reining in several powerful Patidar leaders in Rupani's constituency of Rajkot West is where Prime Minister Narendra Modi won his first electoral contest to become CM in politics, Rupani was involved in social initiatives and ran a family business. He was also a stockbroker. His death marks the end of an era in Gujarat is survived by his wife Anjali, a long-time BJP worker, and their two Reel

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