Latest news with #MotohikoMurakami
Yahoo
25-06-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Something Strange Is Happening 1,700 Miles Beneath Your Feet. Now We Know Why.
"Hearst Magazines and Yahoo may earn commission or revenue on some items through these links." Here's what you'll learn when you read this story: Over a thousand miles from the surface, in Earth's D' layer—right on the edge of the liquid metal outer core—there is a weird acceleration of seismic waves. Experiments recreating the phenomenon in a lab found that this is the result of post-perovskite crystals, which form from perovskite. The alignment of these crystals determines their hardness, which then determines how fast seismic waves can move through them. Deep beneath Earth's surface are layers of soil, rock strata often embedded with fossils, gurgling magma, and—back up. Before your Journey to the Center of the Earth mission can get any further, you're going to have to get past flows of solid rock. The D' layer—located between layers of magma above and the liquid rock of the outer core below—has been mystifying scientists for decades. This is in part because if you were to plunge down 2,700 kilometers (1,700 miles), you would be jump-scared by seismic waves that accelerate when they hit the threshold of the D' layer. It used to be thought the reason for this was the mineral perovskite, found in the lower mantle, morphing into a form known as post-perovskite close to the D' layer. But that still wasn't enough to explain the phenomenon. Geoscientist Motohiko Murakami wanted to investigate what could possibly be going on to cause the strange seismic wave acceleration known as the D' discontinuity. Because trekking to the core-mantle boundary (CMB) where the D' layer lies is obviously not an option, he led a team of researchers from Switzerland and Japan in running lab tests and computer simulations to find out what post-perovskite had to do with he unusual increase in seismic waves. Post-perovskite crystals are anisotropic, meaning their physical properties are different when measured in different directions. They have two different types of textures—one comes from transformation (the phase transition from the perovskite phase to post-perovskite), and the other is a result of deformation (when post-perovskite crystals turn to face in the same direction). Murakami and his team found out that it isn't just transformation that causes the rumbling. It actually happens with deformation. 'The deformation-induced texture forms when crystals undergo plastic deformation, causing their orientations to align in specific directions. It is mainly produced by dislocation slip or creep,' Murakami said in a study recently published in the journal Communications Earth & Environment. How post-perovskite crystals are aligned determines their hardness, and the speed at which seismic waves move through them depends on how hard they are. Materials called perovskites can be created from any substances capable of being arranged into the same cubic crystal structure. Perovskite is a calcium titanium oxide mineral (CaTiO3), while post-perovskite is a form of magnesium silicate (MgSiO3) achieved at extremely high pressures. Its crystal structure is orthorhombic, meaning that the right angles of the cubes have unequal axes. For post-perovskite crystals to align with each other, the axes all have to be in the same position. Murakami used MgGeO3 to create crystals analogous to post-perovskite. Like perovskite, MgGeO3 crystals deform easily when pressure is applied, so how they behaved would reflect was is going on over a thousand miles underground. The crystals were heated by a laser, compressed, and heated again to synthesize post-perovskite. They were then exposed to high-pressure sound waves, and the wave velocity was measured once those waves passed through the crystals. It turned out that sound waves can experience a substantial increase in velocity when passing through aligned post-perovskite crystals. Researchers also discovered that the cause of this alignment—which determines the hardness of the material, and therefore the speed of sound waves in the lab and seismic waves deep in Earth—is convection. As hotter material rises, cooler material sinks, as it does in convective storms like hurricanes. Murakami thinks that convection of materials in the mantle (such as plumes rising and slavs sinking) is behind the deformation in the D' layer. This is the first time any evidence—even lab-based evidence—has been found for Earth's innards moving. 'While previous theoretical work has suggested that anisotropy could explain the observed seismic discontinuities,' he said. 'Our results, obtained through in situ measurements of post-perovskite velocities under high pressure, represent the experimental verification of this hypothesis, bridging the gap between theory and observation.' You Might Also Like The Do's and Don'ts of Using Painter's Tape The Best Portable BBQ Grills for Cooking Anywhere Can a Smart Watch Prolong Your Life?
Daily Mail
17-06-2025
- Science
- Daily Mail
Scientists make shocking discovery 1,700 MILES beneath Earth's surface
Scientists have made a shocking discovery, 1,700 miles (2,700km) beneath the surface of our planet. A team from ETH Zurich has discovered solid rock flowing deep within Earth. The strange rocky current is neither liquid like molten magma nor solid like the brittle rock we might see at the surface. This is the first confirmation of scientists' suspicions that rock in the depths of the planet moves on convection currents like water in a boiling pot. 'Our discovery shows that the Earth is not only active on the surface, but is also in motion deep inside,' said lead author Professor Motohiko Murakami. Confirming this theory now allows scientists to begin mapping the hidden currents of solid rock deep within the planet. That might one day explain the invisible motor which drive s volcanoes, earthquakes, tectonic plates, and even the Earth's magnetic field. Professor Murakami added: 'We have finally found the last piece of the puzzle.' Five layers of Earth Crust: To a depth of up to 43 miles (70km), this is the outermost layer of the Earth, covering both ocean and land areas. Mantle: Going down to 1,795 miles (2,890km) with the lower mantle, this is the planet's thickest layer and made of silicate rocks richer in iron and magnesium than the crust overhead. Outer core: Running to a depth of 3,200 miles (5,150km), this region is made of liquid iron and nickel with trace lighter elements. Inner core: Going down to a depth of 3,958 miles (6,370km) at the very centre of Earth, this region is thought to be made of solid iron and nickel. Innermost core: Within the inner core, this region is solid iron in a different, but unknown structure to the inner core. Scientists divide the Earth into three main layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core. The striking discovery came from an investigation into a strange area of the mantle known as the D' layer. When the seismic waves from earthquakes hit this layer, they suddenly speed up as if they have entered a different type of material. Previously, Professor Murakami discovered that perovskite, the material which makes up most of the lower mantle, transforms into a new mineral around the D' layer. Under extreme pressure and heat, perovskite becomes post-perovskite, which Professor Murakami thought might account for the sudden change in seismic waves' behaviour. But it soon became apparent that this alone was not enough to explain why earthquake waves accelerated so much 1,700 miles beneath the surface. The researcher's breakthrough was discovering that the hardness of post-perovskite depends on how its crystals are aligned. Professor Murakami told MailOnline: 'Post-perovskite has an unusual property: it is extremely hard in only one specific crystallographic direction.' Since seismic waves travel faster through harder materials, this would explain why earthquake waves suddenly become so fast only in one specific region. In an extremely unusual experiment, Professor Murakami decided to recreate the conditions found nearly 2,000 miles beneath the Earth's surface to see how this could happen. Professor Murakami told MailOnline: 'By sandwiching a very small sample between the tips of two single-crystal diamonds with sharply pointed ends, it is possible to generate extremely high pressures. 'And through the transparent diamond windows, we can directly observe the sample under high pressure.' Tiny grains of perovskite were crushed at pressures up to 115 gigapascals, over 16 million pounds per square inch, to recreate the conditions of the D' layer. Under extreme heat and pressure, crystals in the post-perovskite would line up to face in the same direction. Testing revealed that only this specific alignment was hard enough to produce the same seismic acceleration the scientists had been looking for. That meant there must be something happening around the D' layer which forces all of the mineral crystals to point in the same direction. According to the researchers, this could only be caused by the solid rock flowing horizontally along the boundary between the Earth's mantle and the core. So, when the rock is moving steadily in one direction, all the crystals are forced to point the same way and the post-perovskite becomes much harder. That means that the D' layer is actually a vast underground current of super-hard rock 1,700 miles beneath the surface. Professor Mukami says: 'The mantle is solid, but it moves at a very slow speed—only a few centimetres per year. This movement is called mantle convection. 'Even though the mantle is solid, it can flow like a liquid over long periods of time if it has a certain viscosity. 'On the timescale of 4.6 billion years, even a few centimetres per year adds up to an enormous amount of movement.' The Earth is moving under our feet: Tectonic plates move through the mantle and produce Earthquakes as they scrape against each other Tectonic plates are composed of Earth's crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. Below is the asthenosphere: the warm, viscous conveyor belt of rock on which tectonic plates ride. Earthquakes typically occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates, where one plate dips below another, thrusts another upward, or where plate edges scrape alongside each other. Earthquakes rarely occur in the middle of plates, but they can happen when ancient faults or rifts far below the surface reactivate.
Yahoo
17-06-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Solid Rock Caught Flowing 1,700 Miles Beneath Surface in Experimental First
The D" layer, some 2,700 kilometers (nearly 1,700 miles) below our feet, has been mystifying scientists for decades. Now we may have an answer as to what exactly goes on in this special zone deep inside Earth – solid rock is flowing. Seismic waves unexpectedly speed up as they pass through the boundary of the D" layer, and a 2004 study seemed to find the answer: it showed that extreme pressures and extreme temperatures could turn the lower mantle mineral perovskite into a different form labeled 'post-perovskite', somewhere around the D" layer boundary. However, it was later found that this new phase isn't enough on its own to explain the acceleration of seismic waves. For the new study, scientists in Switzerland and Japan ran computer simulations and lab tests to determine that the crystals in post-perovskite all need to be pointing in the same direction for seismic waves to speed up. "This discovery not only solves the mystery of the D" layer but also opens a window into the dynamics in the depths of the Earth," says geoscientist Motohiko Murakami, from ETH Zurich in Switzerland. "We have finally found the last piece of the puzzle." The researchers essentially recreated the deep layers of Earth in their lab, on a much smaller scale. They found that the alignment of the post-perovskite crystals determines its hardness, and thus the movement of waves rippling through it. They found something else, too: that the solid rock above the D" layer can flow in a convection pattern. This type of movement, which varies across different parts of Earth's layers, determines the alignment of post-perovskite crystals. It's driven by a combination of cooler material, which is sinking, and hotter material, which is rising. It's the first experimental evidence we have of such movement in this region of Earth's insides – though of course direct observations are impossible. "These findings indicate that the texture of the post-perovskite phase can explain most of the key features of the D" discontinuity," write the researchers in their published paper. This all feeds into our knowledge of the complex interplay of heat, pressure, and movement that's happening way down deep under Earth's surface. Having a better understanding of these forces then tells us more about everything from volcanic eruptions to Earth's magnetic field. The core-mantle boundary (CMB), which is where the solid mantle hits Earth's liquid outer core, is of particular interest to scientists. It represents a huge switch between materials in terms of density, composition, conductivity, and other measures – making it vital to the most fundamental forces driving our planet. "Our discovery shows that the Earth is not only active on the surface, but is also in motion deep inside," says Murakami. While the study helps answer some questions, there are still a lot of mysteries left down there. The research has been published in Communications Earth & Environment. Hundreds of Mysterious Giant Viruses Discovered Lurking in The Ocean Scientists Just Solved a 100-Million-Year-Old Mystery About Platypus Sex Deep-Sea Wonderland Found Thriving Where Humans Have Never Been
